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Histology and Embryology > Urogenital System > Flashcards

Urogenital System Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney Function

A
  • Regulation of the volume and composition of the body fluid, through:
    1. Filtration of the blood
    2. Removal of the metabolic waste products
    3. Reabsorption of the useful metabolites
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2
Q

Renin

A
  • a hormone secreted by the kidney

- involved in the regulation of blood pressure

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3
Q

Hemopoietin

A
  • kidney produces this

- regulates the production of RBCs

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4
Q

Cats, Dogs, Horses, Sheep and Goats

A
  • Unilobar, or Unipyramidal Kidneys
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5
Q

Bovine and Pigs

A
  • Multilobar, or Multipyramidal Kidneys
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6
Q

Cortex Of the Kidney components

A
  1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
  2. Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
  3. Cortical Collecting Duct
  4. Proximal and Distal straight tubules
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7
Q

Medulla of the Kidney components

A
  1. Loop of Henle
  2. Medullary Collecting Duct
  3. Proximal and Distal straight tubules
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8
Q

Renal Tubules (uriniferous tubule)

A
  • consists of the nephron and the collecting duct system
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9
Q

Renal Corpuscles

A
  • glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
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10
Q

Nephron

A
  • the structural and functional unit of the kidney
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11
Q

Nephron components

A
  1. Renal Corpuscles
    - glomerulus and glomerular (bowman’s) capsule
  2. Proximal Convoluted Tubule
  3. Proximal Straight Tubule
  4. Thin Tubule (loop of henle)
    - ascending and descending parts
  5. Distal Straight Tubules
  6. Distal Convoluted Tubules
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12
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A
  • has a vascular pole and a urinary pole
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13
Q

Vascular Pole of the Renal Corpuscle

A
  • where the arterioles (afferent or efferent) enter and leave
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14
Q

Urinary Pole of the Renal Corpuscle

A
  • where the proximal convoluted tubule begins
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15
Q

Glomerulus

A
  • composed of several loops of branching and anastomosing capillaries which connect the afferent and efferent arterioles
  • these capillaries are lined by a porous endothelial cell
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16
Q

Mesengial, or Intercapillary cells

A
  • are located between the capillaries of the glomerulus in the kidney
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17
Q

Glomerular capsule

(Bowman’s Capsule)

A
  1. Parietal (capsule) layer
  2. Visceral (glomerular) layer
    - podocytes
  3. Urinary Space
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18
Q

The Glomerular Basement Membrane

A
  • separates the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries from the mesangial cells and podocytes
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19
Q

Parietal (capsular) layer

A
  • composed of simple squamous epithelium overlying a thick basal lamina
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20
Q

Urinary Space

A
  • between the parietal and visceral layers of the glomerular capsule
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21
Q

Visceral (glomerular) layer

A
  • envelops the capillaries of the glomerulus

- is made of octopus-like cells called podocytes

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22
Q

Podocytes

A
  • have several primary processes

- octopus-like cells in the visceral (glomerular) layer of Bowman’s Capsule

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23
Q

Pedicles

A
  • secondary processes that arise from primary podocyte processes
  • they embrace the capillaries of the glomerulus
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24
Q

Filtration Slit

A
  • the narrow space between pedicles

- > the pedicles of one cell interdigitate with the pedicle of adjacent cell

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25
Q

Slit Diaphragm

A
  • the filtration slits are bridged by this electron-dense layer
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26
Q

Filtration Barrier

A
  1. Glomerular endothelium
    - has pores
  2. Glomerular Basement Membrane
  3. Glomerular Epithelium (visceral layer of Bowman’s Capsule)
    - podocyte
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27
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) and Proximal Straight Tubule (PST) Epithelium

A
  • simple cuboidal, or columnar
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28
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) and Proximal Straight Tubule (PST)

A
  • cells of this epithelium have acidophilic cytoplasm
  • the cell apex has microvilli which form a brush border
  • basal striations
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29
Q

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT) and Proximal Straight Tubule (PST)

A
  • continue into the proximal straight tubule

- > brush borders in the PST are less distinct

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30
Q

Proximal Straight Tubule

A
  • similar to the proximal convoluted tubule except that brush borders are less distinct
  • continued from the PCT
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31
Q

Thin Tubule (Loop of Henle) Epithelium

A
  • simple squamous epithelium
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32
Q

Thin Tubule (Loop of Henle)

A
  • Nuclei are somewhat flattened and protrude into the lumen
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33
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT) Epithelium

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
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34
Q

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

A
  • larger lumen
  • shorter than PCT
  • NO brush borders
  • cells are smaller and flatter
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35
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

A
  • It is mainly formed between the afferent arteriole and distal tubules
36
Q

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus Components

A
  1. Macula Dense
  2. Juxtraglomerular cells (JG cells)
  3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
37
Q

Macula Densa

A
  • modified segment where the distal tubule establishes contact with the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle
  • cells become columnar
  • nuclei are closely packed
38
Q

Macula Densa

A
  • sensitive to chloride ions and regulate the filtration rate
39
Q

Macula Densa

A
  • contents of the tubular fluid produces molecular signals that promote the constriction of the glomerular afferent arteriole
  • > this allows for regulating the rate of glomerular filtration
40
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells (JG)

A
  • modified smooth muscle cells of the tunica media of the afferent arteriole
  • adjacent to the macula dense
41
Q

Juxtaglomerular Cells (JG)

A
  • produce renin which raises blood pressure
42
Q

Renin

A
  • this acts on angiotensin to form angiotensin I

- angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by the angiotensin converting enzyme contained primarily in the lungs

43
Q

Angiotensin II

A
  • causes vasoconstriction of the arterioles

- raises blood pressure

44
Q

Extraglomerular mesangial cells

A
  • are present between the macula dense and arterioles

- continuous with the mesangial cells of the glomerulus

45
Q

Collecting Duct System

A
  1. Arched Collecting Duct (collecting Tubules)

2. Collecting Ducts (straight collecting tubules)

46
Q

Arched Collecting Duct (collecting Tubules)

A
  • connects the DCT to a collecting duct

- simple cuboidal epithelium

47
Q

Collecting Ducts (straight collecting tubules) Components

A
  1. Cortical Collecting Duct
  2. Medullary Collecting Duct
  3. Papillary Duct
48
Q

Cortical Collecting Duct

A
  • smaller collecting duct
  • lateral borders are clear
  • simple cuboidal epithelium
49
Q

Collecting Ducts

A
  • are a major component of the urine-concentrating mechanism
50
Q

Medullary Collecting Duct

A
  • larger collecting ducts

- simple columnar epithelium

51
Q

Papillary Duct

A
  • 2 layered epithelium

- becomes transitional towards the opening

52
Q

Collecting tubules

A
  • simple cuboidal epithelium

- distinct lateral borders

53
Q

Vasculature Flow of the Kidney

A
  1. Renal Artery
  2. Interlobar arteries
  3. Arcuate Arteries
  4. Interlobular arteries
54
Q

Vasculature Flow of the Kidney

A
  1. Renal Artery
  2. Interlobar arteries
  3. Arcuate Arteries
  4. Interlobular arteries
  5. Afferent arteriole
  6. glomerulus
  7. efferent arteriole
  8. Peritubular capillary network (cortex)
  9. descending vasa recta
  10. peritubular capillary network (medulla)
  11. ascending vasa recta (venules)
  12. Interlobular Vein
  13. Arcuate vein
  14. Interlobar vein
  15. Renal vein
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55
Q

Interstitium, or Stroma of the Kidney

A
  • present between the renal tubules and blood vessels
  • sparse in the cortex
  • plentiful in the inner medulla
  • collagen fibrils and some fibroblasts
  • lipid laden interstitial cells are prominent in the inner medulla
56
Q

Urinary Passages

A
  • all have transitional epithelium
    1. Calyces and renal pelvis
    2. Ureter
    3. Urinary Bladder
57
Q

Calyces and Renal Pelvis in Horses

A
  • have mucous glands (simple branched tubuloalveolar glands) are present under the endothelium
  • responsible for the mucous in their urine
58
Q

Ureter

A
  • mucosa is folded
  • lamina muscularis is absent
  • tunica muscularis has three ill defined layers
  • tunica adventitia, or serosa has loose CT, blood vessels and nerves
59
Q

Ureter in horses

A
  • propriasubmucosa contains tubuloalveolar mucous glands
60
Q

Urinary Bladder

A
  • the transitional epithelium becomes increasingly flattened as the bladder fills
61
Q

Urinary Bladder in horses, ruminants, dogs and pigs

A
  • lamina muscularis in the urinary bladder is present
62
Q

Urinary Bladder in cats

A
  • lamina muscularis in the urinary bladder is absent
63
Q

Detrusor muscles

A
  • smooth muscles of the tunica muscularis in the urinary bladder
  • composed of irregularly shaped interweaving bundles
  • > not well layered
64
Q

Avian Kidney

A
  • extends cranially up to lung and caudally at end of synsacrum
65
Q

Avian Kidney Divisions

A
  1. Cranial
  2. Middle
  3. Caudal
    - outer cortex and inner medulla
66
Q

Two Types of Nephrons in Avian Kidney

A
  1. Cortical Type

2. Medullary Type

67
Q

Cortical Type of Nephron in Avian Kidney

A
  • forms the majority
  • devoid of a medullary loop (of Henle)
  • is confined to the cortical region of the lobule
68
Q

Medullary Type of Nephron in Avian Kidney

A
  • has a medullary loop which penetrates the medullary region of the lobules.
69
Q

Male Avian Testis

A
  • covered by a very thin tunica albuginea

- Septa, lobulation and mediastinum testis are absent

70
Q

Male Avian Epididymis

A
  • is smaller and less conspicuous

- numerous efferent ductules

71
Q

Efferent Ductules of the Male Avian Epididymis

A
  • lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

- head, body and tail region can NOT be distinguished

72
Q

No organs in male birds similar/homologous with mammalian organs

A
  1. Seminal Vesicle
  2. Prostate gland
  3. Bulbourethral Gland
  4. Ampulla
73
Q

Avian Male Seminal glomus

A
  • acts as a storage organ for spermatozoa
74
Q

Avian Phallus

A
  • homologous with the penis of mammals
75
Q

Avian Male Phallus Components

A
  1. The Median Phallic Body

2. A Pair of Lateral phallic bodies

76
Q

Avian Male Ejaculation

A
  • Cloacal Kiss
77
Q

Avian Female Reproductive System

A
  • only the left ovary and oviduct are retained in the adult as functional entities
78
Q

Avian Ovaries Cortex

A
  • consists of follicles in various stages of development

- antrum does not develop

79
Q

Avian Ovulation

A
  • not followed by the development of a corpus luteum
80
Q

Avian Infundibulum

A
  • the funnel like cranial extension of the duct
81
Q

Avian Magnum

A
  • responsible for the deposition of the majority of the egg white (albumin)
  • ciliated and non-ciliated columnar epithelium
82
Q

Avian Oviduct

A
  1. Infundibulum
  2. Magnum
  3. Isthmus
  4. Shell Gland
  5. Vagina
83
Q

Avian Isthmus

A
  • responsible for the formation of the shell membrane

- ciliated and non-ciliated columnar epithelium

84
Q

Avian Shell Gland (uterus)

A
  • secretory activity is responsible for the formation of the egg shell
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
85
Q

Avian Vagina

A
  • sperm-host glands at utero-vaginal junction to nourish and store sperm
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar with few goblet cells
86
Q

Avian Vagina

A
  • mostly nonglandular, except at the utero-vaginal junction

- > utero-vaginal junction is glandular

87
Q

Utero-vaginal junction

A
  • glandular

- sperm host glands are present here to nourish and store sperm

Histology and Embryology (17 decks)

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