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Histology and Embryology > Integument (skin) > Flashcards

Integument (skin) Flashcards

1
Q

Skin: Epidermis Epithelium

A
  • Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
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2
Q

Skin: Epidermis Composed of

A
  1. Stratum basale
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum corneum
  6. Stratum disjunctum
  7. Melanocytes
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3
Q

Stratum germinativum is Composed of

A
  • Stratum basale and Stratum Spinosum
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4
Q

Stratum lucidum

A
  • occurs only in non-hairy skin (foot-pad)
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5
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • are located among the cells of stratum basale and spinosum

- It produces melanin which give color to the skin and hair

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6
Q

Stratum granulosum

A
  • several layers of flattened cells having keratohyalin granules
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7
Q

Stratum corneum

A
  • consists of dead, keratinized cells

- these cells contain a protein called keratin which provides structural support to the cell

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8
Q

Stratum Disjunctum

A
  • is the most superficial layers of the stratum corneum that undergo constant desquamation
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9
Q

Dermis Layers

A
  1. Superficial Papillary Layer

2. A deep reticular layer

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10
Q

Superficial Papillary Layer of the Dermis

A
  • dermis layer that consists of loose CT
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11
Q

Deep reticular layer of the dermis

A
  • dermis layer that consists of dense irregular connective tissue
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12
Q

Hypodermis (subcutis)

A
  • Adipose tissue is present either in the form of small clusters, or large mass of fat called panniculus adiposus
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13
Q

Panniculus adiposus

A
  • large mass of fat in the hypodermis
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14
Q

Hair

A
  • covers the entire body except:
    1. Foot-pad
    2. Hoof
    3. Glans Penis
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15
Q

Hair

A
  • flexible keratinized structure
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16
Q

Hair Shaft

A
  • the free part of the hair above the surface of the skin is the hair shaft
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17
Q

Hair shaft components

A
  1. Cuticle
  2. Cortex
  3. Medulla
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18
Q

Cuticle of the Hair Shaft

A
  • formed by a single layer of flat keratinized cells
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19
Q

Cortex of the Hair Shaft

A
  • a layer of dense compact keratinized cells with their long axis parallel to the hair shaft
  • pigment granules are present within the cells
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20
Q

Medulla of the Hair Shaft

A
  • form the center of hair and is loosely filled with cuboidal or flattened cells
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21
Q

Used for medicolegal purpose

A
  • The pattern of the surface of the cuticular cells, together with the cellular arrangement of the medulla is characteristic for each species
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22
Q

Hair Follicle Components

A
  1. Hair Root
  2. Hair bulb
    - hair matrix
  3. External Root sheath
    - stratum spinosum
  4. Internal Root sheath
    - internal root sheath cuticle
    - granular epithelial layer
    - pale epithelial layer
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23
Q

Internal Root Sheath Components

A
  1. Internal root sheath cuticle
  2. Granular epithelial layer
  3. Pale epithelial layer
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24
Q

External Root sheath Components

A
  • several layers of cells similar to stratum spinosum
  • covered by a glassy membrane
  • the entire epithelial sheath is enclosed by a CT sheath
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25
Q

Hair Matrix

A
  • cells give rise to the cells that keratinized (soft form) to form hair shaft
  • comparable to germinativum cells (actively dividing cells)
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26
Q

Arector pilli muscle

A
  • associated with most hair follicles
  • These are bundles of smooth muscle attached to
  • > the CT sheath of the hair follicle
  • > connect to the papillary layer of the dermis
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27
Q

Arector pilli muscle

A
  • These are innervated by autonomic nerves
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28
Q

Sinus, Or Tactile Hair Follicles

A
  • whiskers of the cat

- characterized by a blood-filled sinus between the inner and outer layer of the dermal sheath

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29
Q

Sinus, Or Tactile Hair Follicles

A
  • highly specialized tactile hairs
  • characterized by a blood-filled sinus between the inner and outer layer of the dermal sheath
  • skeletal muscle for voluntary control
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30
Q

Sebacous Glands

A
  • simple, or compound alveolar glands
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31
Q

Sebacous Glands are associated with

A
  1. Hair Follicles

2. Hairless Areas

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32
Q

Hair Follicles of the Sebaceous Glands

A
  • their ducts empty to form the pilosebaceous canal
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33
Q

Hairless Areas of the Sebaceous Glands

A
  • release their secretory product (sebum) by holocrine mode

- empty directly onto the surface of the skin through a duct

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34
Q

Sebaceous Glands of the Sheep

A
  1. Infraorbital gland
  2. Inguinal gland
  3. Interdigital gland
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35
Q

Sebaceous Glands of the Dog

A
  1. Preputial Gland

2. Circumanal gland

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36
Q

Sweat (sudoriferous) Glands

A
  1. Apocrine Sweat Glands

2. Merocrine Sweat Glands

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37
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • simple coiled tubular sweat glands
38
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands in domestic Animals

A
  • apocrine glands are located throughout most of the skin
39
Q

Apocrine Sweat Glands in Horses

A
  • apocrine glands secrete abundantly

- produce sweat during exercise and at high temperatures

40
Q

Merocrine Sweat Glands

A
  • simple tubular sweat glands
41
Q

Merocrine Sweat Glands in Dog and Cats

A
  • sweat gland in the foot pad
42
Q

Merocrine Sweat Glands in Bovine

A
  • sweat gland in the Planum Nasolabiale
43
Q

Merocrine Sweat Glands in Swine

A
  • sweat gland in the carpal glands
44
Q

Mammary Gland

A
  • compound tubulo-alveolar gland
45
Q

Mammary Gland Myoepithelial cells

A
  • contract in response to oxytocin which causes the letdown of milk into the duct system
46
Q

Duct System Order of the Mammary Glands

A
  1. Intralobular
    - simple cuboidal
  2. Interlobular duct
    - stratified cuboidal
  3. Lactiferous sinus
    - stratified cuboidal
  4. Teat sinus and papillary duct
    - stratified squamous
47
Q

Digital Organ and Hoof

A
  • consists of a keratinized portion made of hard keratin
48
Q

Horses, ruminants and Pigs

A
  • these species have hooves
49
Q

Ruminats

A
  • species have cornual horns
50
Q

Dogs and cats

A
  • species have claws, or nails
51
Q

Dogs and Cats

A
  • species that have digital pads
52
Q

Digital Pads

A
  • consist of highly keratinized hairless epidermis
  • coiled merocrine glands in the dermis
  • subcutaneous masses of adipose tissues enclosed in collagen and elastic fibers
53
Q

Chestnut and Ergot

A
  • composed of tubular and intertubular horn
54
Q

Skin (Dermis) in birds

A
  • completely devoid of glands(no sebaceous or sweat gland), except for the uropygial gland
55
Q

Comb, Wattle and Ear Lobes in birds

A
  • consists of double layer of skin with numerous blood vessels in the dermis
56
Q

Uropygial gland, or preen gland

A
  • produces an oily substance that is released by the holocrine mode of secretion to protect the skin and feathers
57
Q

Eye Tunics

A
  1. Fibrous Tunic
  2. Vascular Tunic
  3. Nervous tunic
58
Q

Fibrous Tunic

A
  • sclera and cornea
59
Q

Vascular Tunic

A
  • choroid, ciliary body and iris
60
Q

Nervous Tunic

61
Q

Sclera

A
  • part of the fibrous tunic
  • a white layer of dense irregular CT
  • bundles of collagen fibers having few elastic fibers are arranged parallel to the
    surface of the eye ball
62
Q

Cornea

A
  • stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium
63
Q

Cornea Layers

A
  1. Anterior epithelium
  2. Subepithelial basement membrane
  3. Substantia propria
  4. Posterior limiting membrane
  5. Posterior epithelium
    - corneal endothelium
64
Q

Choroid

A
  • highly vascularized layer of the eyeball

- composed of a dense network of blood vessels embedded in the heavily pigmented CT

65
Q

Tapetum lucidum

A
  • in the dorsal half of the fundus of the eye ball, the choroid has this light-reflecting area
  • this makes the eyes of the animals “shine” when they look towards light
66
Q

Tapetal Cells of the eye

A
  • contain crystalline rods which are responsible for light reflection
  • this makes the eyes of the animals “shine” when they look towards light
67
Q

Ciliary Body of the Eye

A
  • the rostral continuation of the choroid
68
Q

Iris of the Eye

A
  • composed of highly vascularized CT and pigmented epithelium
  • “the color of the iris determines the color of the eye”
69
Q

Color of the Iris

A
  • determines color of the eye
70
Q

Nervous Tunic of the Eye

71
Q

Nervous Tunic Components

A
  1. Pigment Epithelium
  2. Photoreceptive Layer
  3. External Limiting membrane
  4. Outer nuclear layer
  5. Outer plexiform layer
  6. Inner nuclear layer
  7. Inner plexiform Layer
  8. Ganglionic cell layer
  9. optic nerve fiber layer
  10. Internal limiting membrane
72
Q

Photoreceptive Layer Components

A
  1. Rods

2. Cones

73
Q

Rods

A
  • concerned with black and white (night)
74
Q

Cones

A
  • concerned with the color day vision
75
Q

Cataract

A
  • the lens in older animals becomes cloudy and affects their vision
76
Q

Lacrimal Gland in ruminants

A
  • lacrimal gland is predominantly serious
77
Q

Lacrimal Gland in cats

A
  • lacrimal gland is serious
78
Q

Lacrimal Gland in Dogs

A
  • lacrimal gland is sero-mucous
79
Q

External Ear Components

A
  1. Auricle (pinna)

2. External Auditory Canal

80
Q

Middle Ear Components

A
  1. Auditory Ossicles
  2. Tympanic cavity
  3. Auditory Tube
81
Q

Auditory Ossicles

A
  1. Malleus Bone
  2. Incus Bone
  3. Stapes Bone
82
Q

Internal Ear

A
  1. Bony Labyrinth

2. Membranous Labyrinth

83
Q

Bony Labyrinth

A
  • filled with perilymph
84
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A
  • filled with endolymph
85
Q

Cristae ampullaris, macula utriculi and macula sacculi

A
  • Responsible for the vestibular (balancing) mechanism in the membranous labyrinth
86
Q

Crista Ampullaris of the membraneous labyrinth

A
  • in the ampulla

- composed of sensory epithelium

87
Q

Organ of Corti

A
  • spiral organ

- in cochlear duct for hearing

88
Q

Organ of Corti Contains

A
  1. Sensory Cells
  2. Afferent and efferent nerve terminals
  3. Tectorial Membrane
89
Q

Bony Labyrinth

A
  1. Semicircular canal
  2. Vestibule
  3. Cochlea
90
Q

Membranous Labyrinth

A
  1. Semicircular Ducts
  2. Utericle and Saccule
  3. Cochlear Duct
91
Q

Crista Ampullaris

A
  • is composed of sensory epithelium that project into an overlying glycoprotein layer cupula
92
Q

Macula utericle and sacculi

A
  • have sensory epithelium, penetrate in to gelatinous mass which has calcium carbonate crystal called otolith

Histology and Embryology (17 decks)

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