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Histology and Embryology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Portal vein

A
  • brings blood from the intestine and carries absorbed food
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2
Q

Hepatic artery

A
  • supplies the oxygenated blood
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3
Q

Blood supply to the Liver

A
  1. Portal vein and Hepatic Artery
  2. Hepatic Sinusoids
  3. Central vein
  4. Hepatic Vein
    5 Caudal Vena Cava
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4
Q

Layers of the Cheeks

A
  1. Outer skin
  2. Middle muscular Layer (buccinator muscle)
  3. Internal Mucosa
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5
Q

Chief Cells

A
  • secrete pepsinogen

- pepsinogen transformed into pepsin by HCl

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6
Q

Peyers Patches

A
  • found in the submucosa of the small intestine

- particularly the ileum

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7
Q

Peyers Patches

A
  • large aggregated lymphatic nodules
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8
Q

Hepatocytes

A
  • polyhedral cells with 3 surfaces
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9
Q

Hepatocytes surfaces

A
  1. Microvillus
  2. Canalicular
  3. Contact surface
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10
Q

Microvillus surface

A
  • faces the perisinusoidal space
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11
Q

Canalicular surface

A
  • borders the bile canaliculi
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12
Q

Contact surface

A
  • between the adjacent hepatocytes

- opposed cells membranes may have gap junctions and desmosomes

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13
Q

Lips Mucosa lined by:

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
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14
Q

Ruminants and Horses

A
  • Lips Mucosa: Stratified squamous keratinized
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15
Q

Carnivore and Pigs

A
  • Lips Mucosa: Stratified squamous non-keratinized
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16
Q

Cheeks Mucosa is lined by:

A
  • stratified squamous which may or may not be keratinized
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17
Q

Cheek Mucosa in Ruminants

A
  • Mucosa is studded with conical buccal papillae
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18
Q

Dogs

A
  • lamina muscularis is thick and complete in the small intestine
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19
Q

Rugae

A
  • numerous transverse ridges in the hard palate
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20
Q

Palatine Glands

A
  • gland located in the caudal part of the hard palate
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21
Q

Buccal Glands

A
  • gland located in the propriasubmucosa of the cheeks
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22
Q

Labial Gland

A
  • gland located in the propriasubmucosa of the lips
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23
Q

Dental Pad

A
  • found in ruminants

- heavily keratinized stratified squamous epithelium overlying a thick layer of dense irregular CT

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24
Q

Soft Palate lined by:

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
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25
Q

Pigs and Horses

A
  • palantine tonsils

- derived from the soft palate

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26
Q

Cow Hard Palate

A
  1. Dental Pad
  2. Buccal Papillae
  3. Palatine Raphe
  4. Rugae
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27
Q

Dog Hard Palate

A
  1. Rugae

2. Soft Palate

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28
Q

Functions of the Tongue

A 
1. eating, drinking,
vocalization
2. muscular and mobile
3. epithelial specializations
4. sensitive and highly
innervated
5. contains chemoreceptor
sites
6. thermoregulation
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29
Q

Tongue

A
  • muscular organ covered by a mucosa
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30
Q

Tongue is lined by

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • keratinized on the dorsal surface
  • nonkeratinized on the ventral surface
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31
Q

Intrinsic Lingual Muscle of the Tongue

A
  • bundles of skeletal muscle

- arranged in a longitudinal, transverse and perpendicular direction

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32
Q

Lingual Papillae

A
  • on the dorsal surface of the tongue

- serve either a mechanical or gustatory function

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33
Q

Mechanical Lingual Papillae

A
  1. Filiform
  2. Conical
  3. Lenticular
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34
Q

Gustatory Lingual Papillae

A
  1. Fungiform
  2. Vallate
  3. Foliate
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35
Q

Mechanical Lingual Papillae

A
  • facilitate the movement of ingesta

- all keratinized stratified squamous

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36
Q

Gustatory Lingual Papillae

A
  • have taste buds

- all nonkeratinized stratified squamous

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37
Q

Lips

A
  • devoid of hair follicles, sweat and sebaceous glands
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38
Q

Filiform Papillae

A
  • slender, thread-like structures that project above the surface of the tongue
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39
Q

Filiform Papillae Species Differences: 1.Ruminants and Cats 2. Horses

A
  • filiform papillae is very well developed

- filiform papillae is very fine keratinized threads

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40
Q

Conical Papillae

A
  • in dogs, cats and pigs located on the root of the tongue

- in ruminants located on the torus linguae

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41
Q

Lenticular Papillae

A
  • flattened, lens shaped projection

- present on the torus liguae of ruminants

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42
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A
  • mushroom shaped

- contains taste buds on the upper surface

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43
Q

Horse and Cow

A
  • in fungiform papillae taste buds are sparse
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44
Q

Sheep and pig

A
  • in fungiform papillae taste buds are more numerous
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45
Q

Carnivores and Goats

A
  • in fungiform papillae taste buds are abundant
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46
Q

Vallate Papillae

A
  • numerous taste buds occur in the epithelium on the papillary side of its sulcus
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47
Q

Foliate Papillae

A
  • taste buds are located on the sides of the folds
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48
Q

Vallate Papillae

A
  • large, flattened structures completely surrounded by an epithelium lined
    sulcus
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49
Q

Foliate Papillae

A
  • they are parallel folds of the lingual mucosa located on the caudo-lateral margin of the tongue
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50
Q

Ruminants

A
  • the foliate papillae is absent
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51
Q

Cats

A
  • the foliate papillae is rudimentary

- no taste buds

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52
Q

Taste Buds

A
  • consists of a cluster of spindle-shaped epithelial cells that extend from the BM to a small opening, the taste pore, at the epithelial surface
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53
Q

3 Types of Taste Bud Cells

A
  1. Sustentacular Cells
  2. Gustatory Cells
  3. Basal Cells
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54
Q

Non-myelinated afferent nerve fibers (taste receptors)

A
  • closely associated with the gustatory cells
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55
Q

Lyssa

A
  • a cordlike structure present in the tongue of carnivores
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56
Q

Torus Linguae

A
  • a large prominence on the caudal part of the dorsal surface of the ruminant tongue
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57
Q

Dorsal Lingual Cartilage

A
  • a mid-dorsal fibroelastic cord with hyaline cartilage

- present inside the tongue of horses

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58
Q

Highly Mineralized Structure (outer part)

A
  1. Enamel
  2. Dentine
  3. Cementum
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59
Q

Enamel

A
  • produced by ameloblasts

- hardest structure in the body

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60
Q

Enamel Composition

A
  • 99% mineral (hydroxyaptite)

- 1% organic matter

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61
Q

Dentine

A
  • produced by odontoblasts
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62
Q

Dentine Composition

A
  • 70% Minerals
  • > mainly hydroxyapatite, some carbonate, magnesium and fluoride
  • 30% Organic material
  • > mainly collagen fibrils and glycoprotein
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63
Q

Cementum

A
  • resembles bone
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64
Q

Cementum Composition

A
  • lamellae oriented parallel to the surface of the tooth

- cementoytes occupy the lacunae

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65
Q

Cemento-alveolar (sharpey’s) fibers

A
  • bundles of collagen fibers

- form the peridontal ligament

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66
Q

Peridontal ligament

A
  • anchors the tooth in the alveolus (to bone)
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67
Q

Pulp Cavity (central part)

A
  1. Dental Pulp
  2. A core of CT
  3. Blood vessels and nerves
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68
Q

Brachydont Teeth

A
  • short and cease to grow after eruption is complete

- have a crown, neck and root

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69
Q

Brachydont Teeth Species

A
  • all teeth of carnivores

- incisors of ruminants

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70
Q

Hypsodont Teeth

A
  • much longer and grow throughout life
  • do not have a crown or neck
  • both cementum and enamel cover the length of the tooth
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71
Q

Hypsodont Teeth Species

A
  • cheek teeth in ruminants
  • all permanent teeth in horses
  • incisors/canines of pigs and elephants
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72
Q

Major Salivary Glands

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Mandibular
  3. Sublingual
  4. Zygomatic (carnivores)
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73
Q

Parotid Salivary Gland

A
  • predominantly serous
  • compound acinar gland
  • occasionally isolated mucous secretory units may occur in dogs and cats
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74
Q

Mandibular Salivary Gland

A
  • seromucous
  • compound tubuloacinar gland
  • predominance of mucous acini and serous demilune
  • Cells of the mucous secretory unit are filled with mucinogen
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75
Q

Cells of the mucous secretory Unit

A
  • are filled with mucinogen
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76
Q

Sublingual Salivary Gland

A
  • seromucous

- compound tubuloacinar gland

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77
Q

Sublingual Salivary Gland: Cattle, Sheep and Pigs

A
  • almost entirely mucous with relatively few serous demilune
78
Q

Sublingual Salivary Gland: Dog and Cat

A
  • contains clusters of serous acini in addition to typical mucous and serous demilunes
  • striated and intercalated ducts are not predominant
79
Q

Sublingual Salivary Gland: Horse, Ruminants and Pigs

A
  • striated and intercalated ducts are well developed
80
Q

Zygomatic Salivary Gland

A
  • only in carnivores
81
Q

Minor Salivary Glands

A
  1. Labial
  2. Lingual
  3. Buccal
  4. Palatine
  5. Molar
    - cats
82
Q

Molar Salivary gland

A
  • cats

- similar to zygomatic salivary gland

83
Q

General: Tunica Mucosa Layers

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Lamina Muscularis
84
Q

General: Tunica Submucosa Layer

A
  1. Connective Tissue
  2. Glands
  3. Meissner’s Plexus
85
Q

General: Tunica Muscularis Layer

A
  1. Smooth or skeletal muscle

2. Myenteric (Auribach’s) plexus

86
Q

General: Tunica Serosa/Adventitia Layers

A
  • outer most layer
87
Q

Esophagus Tunica Mucosa: epithelium

A
  • stratified squamous
    1. Dog
  • nonkeratinized
    2. Pigs and Horses
  • slightly keratinized
    3. Ruminants
  • Highly keratinized
88
Q

Esophagus Tunica Mucosa: Lamina Muscularis

A
  • contains ONLY longitudinally orientated smooth muscle bundles
89
Q

Esophagus Tunica Submucosa: Horses, cats and ruminants

A
  • seromucous gland located at the pharyngoesophageal junction
90
Q

Esophagus Tunica Submucosa: Pigs

A
  • seromucous gland located at the cranial half of the esophagus
91
Q

Esophagus Tunica Submucosa: Dog

A
  • seromucous gland located throughout its length
92
Q

Esophagus Tunica Muscularis: Ruminants and Dog

A
  • entirely striated and skeletal
93
Q

Esophagus Tunica Muscularis: Horse

A
  • Skeletal muscle makes up the cranial 2/3, but gradually changes to smooth muscle in caudal 1/3
94
Q

Esophagus Tunica Muscularis: Cats

A
  • Skeletal muscle may extend 4/5 of the length before changing to smooth muscle
95
Q

Esophagus Tunica Muscularis

A
  • inner circular layer thickens at the cardia and forms the cardiac sphincter
  • > prominent in horses
96
Q

Esophagus Tunica Adventitia

A
  • in the cervical region
97
Q

Esophagus Tunica Serosa

A
  • in the thoracic and abdominal region
98
Q

Horses, Pigs and Carnivores Stomach

A
  • simple stomach
99
Q

Ruminants Stomach

A
  • compound stomach
100
Q

Glandular Region of the stomach

101
Q

Nonglandular region of the stomach

A
  • rumen, reticulum and omasum
102
Q

Rumen Tunica Mucosa: epithelium

A
  • stratified squamous keratinized
103
Q

Rumen and Reticulum Tunica Mucosa: Lamina Muscularis

A
  • lamina muscularis is absent
104
Q

Reticulum Tunica Mucosa: Lamina propria

A
  • blends with submucosa to form the propria-submucosa
  • formed by a feltwork of collagen/elastic
    fibers
  • a band of smooth muscle is located in the upper part of the reticular fold
105
Q

Reticular Groove

A
  • extends from the cardia to the reticulo-omasal orifice
  • functional in young animals
  • > creates a channel that allows the milk to bypass the rumen and reticulum
106
Q

Omasum Tunica Mucosa

A
  • mucosa has characteristic omasal laminae or ‘leaves’ which are studded with macrostopic papillae that help in grinding of the food
107
Q

Omasum Tunica Mucosa: Lamina Muscularis

A
  • forms a thick layer just beneath the lamina propria on both sides of the laminae
108
Q

Nonglandular region of the stomach in carnivores

A
  • absent nonglandular region
109
Q

Nonglandular region of the stomach in pigs

A
  • small nonglandular region
110
Q

Horses Nonglandular region of the stomach

A
  • nonglandular region is separated from the glandular region by the margoplicatus
111
Q

Ruminants Nonglandular region of the stomach

A
  • nonglandular region (forestomach) is the most developed
112
Q

Glandular Region(Abomasum) Tunica Mucosa

A
  • mucosa has extensive gastric folds that will flatten as the stomach fills
  • the surface has small invaginations call gastric pits which are continuous with the gastric glands
113
Q

Glandular Region(Abomasum) Tunica Mucosa: epithelium

A
  • mucosal surface and gastric pits are lined by simple columnar epithelium
114
Q

Abomasum is divided into 3 regions

A
  1. Cardiac Gland Region
  2. Fundic Gland Region
  3. Pyloric Gland Region
115
Q

Cardiac Gland Region

A
  • most developed in pigs
  • glands that are relatively short, simple branched, coiled tubular glands that release a mucous secretory product
  • empty into relatively shallow gastric pits
116
Q

Fundic Gland Region

A
  • straight, branched tubular glands that extend into the lamina muscularis
  • short neck, long body and a lightly dilated blind end
117
Q

Four distinct cell types comprise the secretory epithelium of the Fundic Gland Region

A
  1. Mucus neck cells
  2. Chief Cells
    - zymogen cells
  3. Parietal Cells
  4. Endocrine Cells
118
Q

Mucus Neck Cells

A
  • fundic gland region

- occupy the neck of the gland

119
Q

Chief Cells

A
  • fundic gland region
  • zymogen cells
  • most numerous cells
  • secrete pepsinogen
  • > which is transformed into pepsin by hydrochloric acid
120
Q

Parietal Cells

A
  • fundic gland region
  • larger and less numerous than chief cells
  • occur singly
  • contains an abundance of carbonic anhydrase that helps in the formation of hydrochloric acid
121
Q

Endocrine Cells

A
  • fundic gland region
  • argentaffin cells
  • responsible for the production of GIT hormones
  • best demonstrated by silver salt
  • their secretory product is released directly into capillaries
122
Q

Pyloric Gland Region

A
  • branched, coiled tubular glands that are relatively shorter than other gastric glands
  • the gastric pits are considerably deeper than other glands
123
Q

Small Intestine specialized structures

A
  1. mucosal folds (plicae circulares) in the cranial 2/3
  2. surface of the mucosa is covered with finger-like projections (intestinal villi)
  3. absorptive surface is further increased by the microvilli on the free surface of the simple columnar epithelial cells
124
Q

Small Intestine Tunica Mucosa: Epithelium

A
  • simple columnar
125
Q

Small Intestine Tunica Mucosa

A
  • numerous goblet cells
  • the density of the goblet cells is greater in the caudal part of the SI (ileum)
  • crypts of liberkuhn
  • paneth cells
  • enteroendocrine (argentaffin) cells
126
Q

Crypts of Liberkuhn

A
  • intestinal glands
  • simple branched tubular invaginations at the base of the villi
  • give rise to the columnar and goblet cells
127
Q

Paneth cells

A
  • near the base of the intestinal gland, or the Crypts of Liberkuhn
  • produce peptidase and lysozyme (antibacterial compound)
128
Q

Small Intestine of Ruminants and Horses

A
  • paneth cells are present
129
Q

Small Intestine Tunica Mucosa: Lamina Propria

A
  • forms the core of the villi
  • diffuse lymphatic tissue or lymphatic nodules (Peyer’s Patches) are present throughout the SI and increase in number towards the ileum
  • lacteal
130
Q

Lacteal

A
  • located in the lamina propria of the small intestine
  • a single lymphatic capillary
  • located in the center of the villus
131
Q

Small Intestine Tunica Mucosa: Lamina Muscularis

A
  • thin and incomplete

- > except in the dog it is complete and thicker

132
Q

Small Intestine Tunica Submucosa

A
  • tubuloalveolar submucosal glands (Brunner’s Gland) are located mainly in the duodenum
133
Q

Brunner’s Glands

A
  • located mainly in the duodenum
134
Q

Brunner’s Glands in ruminants and dogs secrete

A
  • Brunner’s glands secrete mucous glands
135
Q

Brunner’s Glands in pigs and horses secrete

A
  • Brunner’s glands secrete serous glands
136
Q

Brunner’s Glands in cats secrete

A
  • mixed glands
137
Q

Peyer’s Patches

A
  • large aggregated lymphatic nodules

- mainly present in the ileum

138
Q

Jejunum

A
  • does not have glands or patches

- has CT in the submucosa !

139
Q

Small Intestine Tunica Muscularis

A
  • thickest in horses
140
Q

Large Intestine characteristics

A
  1. No villi, only crypts
  2. longer, less-coiled, simple tubular glands with many goblet cells
  3. No paneth cells
  4. No plica circulares (mucosal folds)
141
Q

Large Intestine: Cecum

A
  • lots of lymphatic nodules scattered throughout its length
142
Q

Large Intestine: Colon

A
  • the mucosa is substantially thicker because of the increased length of intestinal glands
143
Q

Large Intestine of Pigs and Horses

A
  • have Taenia

- > outer longitudinal layer of the tunica muscularis that form flat muscle bands containing numerous elastic fibers

144
Q

Large Intestine: Rectum

A
  • increased number of goblet cells
145
Q

Anal Canal in pigs and carnivores

A
  1. Columnar Zone
  2. Intermediate Zone
  3. Cutaneous Zone
146
Q

Columnar Zone of the anal canal

A
  • contains longitudinal folds
  • > anal columns
  • epithelium is stratified squamous nonkeratinized
147
Q

Intermediate Zone of the anal canal

A
  • a narrow strip between the columnar and cutaneous zone

- epithelium is stratified squamous nonkeratinized

148
Q

Cutaneous zone of the anal gland

A
  • lined by stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
149
Q

Anal Sacs in carnivores

A
  • bilateral invaginations of anal mucosa

- with modified sweat glands

150
Q

Liver

A
  • largest gland in the body

- high regenerative power

151
Q

Functions of the Liver

A
  1. Bile secretion
  2. Metabolism of protein, CHOs, Lipids, hemoglobin and drugs
  3. Hemopoiesis
    - in fetal
  4. Phagocytosis
  5. Detoxification
152
Q

Glisson’s Capsule of the Liver

A
  • liver is covered by a typical serosa overlying a thin CT capsule called this
153
Q

The interlobar CT of the Liver

A
  • prominent in portal areas containing branches of
    1. Hepatic Artery
    2. portal vein
    3. Bile duct
    4. Lymphatics
154
Q

Interlobar CT septa of the Liver

A
  • in most species is scant

- except for the pig it is distinct

155
Q

Liver Lobule Types

A
  1. Classic Lobules
  2. Portal Lobules
  3. Liver Acinus
156
Q

Classic Lobules

A
  • the anatomical unit of the liver
  • these lobules are roughly hexagonal
  • the portal area is present between 3 adjacent lobules
157
Q

Portal Lobules

A
  • a functional unit in relation to the bile secretion
  • a triangular shaped area
  • the portal area is in the center
  • 3 central veins of the classic lobules at the peripheral angles
158
Q

Liver Acinus

A
  • a functional unit in relation to the metabolic activity
  • roughly diamond-shaped area made of parts of:
  • > the 2 classic lobules
  • > 2 central veins at the apposing points
159
Q

Bile canaliculus of the Liver

A
  • is simply an expanded intercellular space between the membranes of adjacent hepatocytes
160
Q

Bile Flow (small to large) of the Liver

A
  1. Bile canaliculi
  2. Bile Ductules
  3. Interlobular Bile Ducts
  4. Hepatic Ducts
  5. Bile Duct (common Bile duct)
161
Q

Hepatic Sinusoids of the Liver

A
  • carry blood from the terminal branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein to the central vein
  • lined by endothelial cells and stellate macrophages (Kupffer cells)
162
Q

Kupffer Cells

A
  • they are stellate macrophages (phagocytic cells) of the liver
  • lines the hepatic sinusoids in the liver
163
Q

Gall Bladder in Horses, rats, deer, pigeons

A
  • gall bladder is absent
164
Q

Function of Gall Bladder

A
  1. Storage
  2. Concentration
  3. Acidification
  4. Delivery of Bile
165
Q

Gall Bladder Structure

A
  • the mucosa is thrown into numerous folds in the contracted (empty) state
  • lined by simple columnar epithelium
166
Q

Gall Bladder in cattle

A
  • goblet cells are present in the gall bladder
167
Q

Exocrine Pancreas

A
  1. presence of centroacinar cells in the lumen of the secretory acinus
  2. Intralobular Ducts are not stratified
168
Q

Centroacinar cells

A
  • present in the pancreas
  • in the lumen of the secretory acinus
  • secrete bicarbonate which raise the pH of the intestinal contents
169
Q

Lamellar (Paccian) corpuscles

A
  • frequently present in the pancreas of cats
170
Q

Avian Oral Cavity

A
  • a cornified beak is attached to the upper and lower jaw bone
  • NO teeth
171
Q

Avian Oral Cavity Tunica Mucosa: Epithelium

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
172
Q

Avian Oral Cavity Tunica Mucosa: Lamina Propria

A
  • blends with the propria-submucosa
  • contains lots of diffuse lymphatic tissue
  • > no lymph nodes
  • salivary glands
173
Q

Salivary Glands in Birds

A
  • all are branched tubular mucous glands
174
Q

Avian Tongue

A
  • stratified squamous keratinized

- contains an entoglossal bone

175
Q

Avian Esophagus

A
  • stratified squamous keratinized
176
Q

Avian Crop

A
  • sac like diverticulum of the esophagus
  • it’s a storage organ where the ingested food is moistened by mucous secretion of
    the esophageal and crop gland
177
Q

Brooding Steps of the Crop

A
  1. the crop secretes crop milk (desquamated lipid-laden cells)
  2. mixes with the ingested food
  3. mixture is regurgitated
  4. fed to the nestling
178
Q

Avian Stomach 2 parts

A
  1. Proventriculus

2. Ventriculus

179
Q

Avian proventriculus

A
  • glandular portion of avian stomach
  • mucosa has macroscopic papillae
  • oxynticopeptic cells
180
Q

Oxynticopeptic cells

A
  • in the proventriculus of the avian stomach

- produce pepsin and hydrochloric acid

181
Q

Avian Ventriculus

A
  • the gizzard

- responsible for grinding ingesta

182
Q

Avian ventriculus Tunica Mucosa

A
  • lined by the cuticle which is a secretory product of the mucosal gland
183
Q

Avian ventriculus Tunica Muscularis

A
  • smooth muscle cells

- criss crossed by bands of dense white, fibrous CT

184
Q

Avian Small Intestine: Lamina Propria

A
  • contain large amounts of diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue
185
Q

Avian Small Intestine: Tunica Submucosa

A
  • contain large amounts of diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue
  • duodenal submucosa glands are absent
186
Q

Avian Large Intestine

A
  • 2 ceca are present at the ileocolic juntion
187
Q

Cecal Tonsils

A
  • in the large intestine
  • adult birds have these
  • large mass of diffuse and nodular lymphatic tissue that infiltrates the lamina propria and the submucosa at the cecal orifice
188
Q

Avian Large Intestine: The proximal part of the Ceca and Colon

A
  • Villi in the large intestine
189
Q

Cloaca Parts (cranial to caudal)

A
  1. Coprodeum
  2. Urodeum
  3. Proctodeum
190
Q

Avian Cloacal Bursa

A
  • bursa of Fabricius
  • sac like diverticulum of proctodeum in birds only
  • plicae (tall mucosal folds)
  • pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  • lymphoid organ/immune system organ
  • B lymphocytes differentiate here
  • > into plasma cells when activated
191
Q

Avian Vent

A
  • The tunica mucosa of the vent is highly folded and lined by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
  • Striated muscle of the tunica muscularis forms a sphincter
192
Q

Portal Area

A
  1. Hepatic Artery
  2. Portal Vein
  3. Bile Duct
  4. Lymphatics

Histology and Embryology (17 decks)

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