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Histology and Embryology > Embryology Midterm > Flashcards

Embryology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Gametogenesis

A
  • process by which germplasm are converted into highly specialized sex cells (gametes) that are capable of uniting at fertilization and producing a new being
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2
Q

Where is the Primordial Germ Cells origin? What do they develop into?

A
  • originate in the wall of the yolk sac

- develop into gametes

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3
Q

Pre-embryonic Period

A
  • development of the gametes up to implantation
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4
Q

Embryonic Period

A
  • from implantation to the origin of the primordia of the organs and the formation of the basic body form
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5
Q

Fetal Period

A
  • The period of growth and maturation of the organ-system to become competent to assume their specialized functions
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6
Q

Corpus Luteum

A
  • After ovulation, the ruptured follicles are converted into this
  • secretes progesterone to facilitate the implantation and maintain the conceptus
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7
Q

Induced Ovulators

A
  • ovulation is spontaneous in most mammals
  • the cat and rabbit are the exception
  • ovulation is only induced by coitus
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8
Q

In the Prenatal period what phases are most susceptible to abnormal changed?

A
  1. Embryonic Period
  2. Fetal Period
  3. Pre-embryonic period
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9
Q

Ampullary Region of the Uterine Tube

A
  • site of fertilization in most animals
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10
Q

Infundibulum of the Uterine Tube

A
  • site of fertilization in dogs and birds
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11
Q

Capacitation

A
  • involves removal of glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma protein from the plasma membranes that overlies the acrosomal region of the spermatozoa
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12
Q

Acrosomal Reaction

A
  • after capacitation
  • Involves the release of enzymes (hyaluronidase and trypsin like substance) in the acrosome
  • The action of these enzymes facilitate the penetration of the oocyte barriers
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13
Q

Zona Reaction

A
  • chemical changes in the zona pellucida
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14
Q

Fertilization Membrane (fertilization reaction)

A
  • develops to prevent further entry of sperm into oocyte, or polyspermy
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15
Q

Freemartin

A
  • In Cattle
  • female is born infertile and with male characteristics
  • dizygous twinning where the development of a common circulation of placental anastomosis occurs
  • If the twins are of opposite sex, the development of the genital system is retarded in the female embryo under the influence of the testosterone produced in the male embryo
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16
Q

Superfecundation

A
  • Impregnation by successive acts of coitus, of two or more ovum that were liberated at approximately the same time, by two or more different males
  • cats and dogs
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17
Q

Superfetation

A
  • When a pregnant female ovulates, conceive and produce a second younger fetus
  • pigs
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18
Q

Gestation Periods in:

  • Mare
  • cow
  • ewe/goat
  • sow
  • bitch/queen
A
  1. 11 months
  2. 9 months
  3. 5 months
  4. 4 months
  5. 2 months
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19
Q

Cleavage

A
  • It is a series of mitotic cell divisions without overall increase in the size of the zygote, which is still enveloped by zona pellucida
  • production of blastomeres
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20
Q

Total, or Holoblastic Cleavage

A
  • complete division of the zygote
  • Isolecithal eggs
  • > in mammals where a small amount of yolk is present and equally distributed
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21
Q

Partial, or Meroblastic Cleavage

A
  • prevents complete division of the zygote
  • Polylecithal Egg
  • > In birds, there is a massive amount of yolk
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22
Q

Blastogenesis

A
  • rupture of the zona pellucida
  • formation of the Blastocoel, or a fluid filled cavity
  • embyro is called a blastocyst
  • marked by increase in size and shape of embryo
23
Q

Embryonic Disc/Inner Cell Mass/Blastodisc

A
  • develop into the main embryo

- cells of the blastocyst

24
Q

Trophoblast Cells

A
  • facilitate the absorption of nutrients early in development
  • cells of the blastocyst
25
Q

Gastrulation

A
  • the embryonic disc/inner cell mass/blastodisc is rearranged to form the 3 germ layers
    1. Ectoderm
    2. Mesoderm
    3. Endoderm
26
Q

Primitive Gut, or Archenteron

A
  • enclosed cavity in the endoderm
27
Q

Delamination

A
  • the process of detachment of the cells from the inner cell mass
  • development of the endoderm
28
Q

Notochord

A
  • induces the ectoderm to form the neural ectoderm, or neural plate
  • Later as an adult, the notochord regresses and persists as the nucleus pulposus of the invertebral disc
29
Q

Mesoderm Gives Rise to:

A
  • 4 mesodermal cells
    1. Notochord
    2. Paraxial Mesoderm
    3. Lateral Mesoderm
    4. Intermediate Mesoderm
30
Q

Paraxial Mesoderm forms the:

A
  • forms the somites

- > Sclerotome, Myotome and Dermatome

31
Q

Sclerotome, Myotome and Dermatome give rise to:

A
  1. Vertebral Column
  2. Epimere and Hypomere
    - epaxial and hypoaxial muscles
  3. Dermatome
    - Dermis
32
Q

Lateral Mesoderm

A
  1. Somatic Mesoderm
    - outer
  2. Splanchnic Mesoderm
    - inner
  3. Coelom
    - cavity between these two layers
33
Q

Somatopleure

A
  • ectoderm + somatic mesoderm
34
Q

Splanchnopleure

A
  • endoderm + splanchnic mesoderm
35
Q

Intermediate mesoderm

A
  • the junction between the paraxial and lateral mesoderm
36
Q

Intraembryonic Germ Layer

A
  • the part of the germ layer that underlies the embryonic disc
37
Q

Extraembryonic Germ Layer

A
  • the cells lying peripherally under the trophoblast

- develop into the extraembryonic, or fetal membranes

38
Q

Most important aspect during establishment of body form

A
  • the transformation of the embryonic disc from an elongated flat disc (gastrulation phase) into a rough curved cylindrical embryo
39
Q

Intraembryonic Somatopleure gives rise to:

A
  • the lateral and ventral body walls
40
Q

Extraembryonic Somatopleure gives rise to:

A
  • constitutes the amnion and chorion
41
Q

Intraembryonic Splanchnopleure gives rise to:

A
  • the gut
42
Q

Extraembryonic Splanchnopleure gives rise to:

A
  • yolk sac and allantois
43
Q

How does the yolk sac communicate with the gut?

A
  • through the vitello-intestinal duct, or yolk stalk
44
Q

Umbilical Cord Contains:

A
  1. All fetal, or extraembryonic membranes
  2. Yolk sac, or vitelline blood vessels
  3. Allantois, or umbilical blood vessels
45
Q

How to determine the Approximate age of an embryo

A
  • early age expressed by the number of somites

- later the crown-rump length is used

46
Q

Amnion

A
  • develops from extraembryonic somatopleure
  • fluid filled sac around the embryo
  • hydroamnion is an excess amount of amniotic fluid
47
Q

Chorion

A
  • outermost membrane
  • develops from the extraembryonic somatopleure
  • fingerlike projections called the chorionic villi develop over the surface of the chorion to make contact with the uterus of the mother
48
Q

Yolk Sac

A
  • develops from the extraembryonic splanchnopleure
  • develops and forms temporary contact with the chorion called choriovitelline placenta
  • well developed in birds and develop vitelline vessels
49
Q

Choriovitelline, or Yolk Sac Placenta

A
  • yolk sac makes temporary contact with the chorion
  • regresses immediately in most mammals
  • Functional in the first quarter of pregnancy in dog and horses
50
Q

Allantois

A
  • extraembryonic splanchnopleure
  • reservoir for excretory products of the fetus
  • umbilical vessels develop here
51
Q

Superficial or Central Implantation

A
  • uterine lumen or cavity

- ruminants, equines and porcine

52
Q

Eccentric Implantation

A
  • fold or pocket of the uterine wall

- rat or squirrel

53
Q

Interstitial Implantation

A
  • embedded into the uterine wall

- guinea pig, carnivores, bat and man

54
Q

Mare Implantation Time

A
  • 35 to 40 days

Histology and Embryology (17 decks)

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