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Histology and Embryology > Endocrine Glands > Flashcards

Endocrine Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine Glands

A
  • ductless glands
  • dense networks of capillaries and parenchymatous cells
  • secretes hormones that regulate the functions of target organs
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2
Q

Hypophysis, or Pituitary Gland

A
  1. Adenohypophysis

2. Neurohypophysis

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3
Q

Adenohypophysis Components

A
  1. Pars distalis
  2. Pars intermedia
  3. Pars tuberalis
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4
Q

Pars Distalis

A
  1. Acidophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Chomophobes
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5
Q
  • Acidophils*
A
  1. Somatotrophs

2. Lactotrophs, or prolactin cells

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6
Q

Somatotrophs

A
  • production of somatotrophin, or Growth Hormone (GH)
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7
Q

Lactotrophs, or prolactin cells

A
  • induces the secretion of the mammary glands

- > lactogenic activity

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8
Q

Basophils

A
  1. Thryotrophs
  2. Gonadotrophs
  3. Corticotrophs
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9
Q

Thryotrophs

A
  • produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

- > induces the thyroid gland to release thyroxin

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10
Q

Gonadotrophs

A
  • produces follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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11
Q

Corticotrophs

A
  • produce adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

- > acts on the adrenal cortex

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12
Q

Chromophobes

A
  • are considered to be temporarily resting

degranulated chromophils

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13
Q

Pars Intermedia

A
  • closely associated with the neurohypophysis

- completely separated from the pars distalis by the hypophyseal cleft

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14
Q

Pars Intermedia

A
  • produces melanotropes
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15
Q

Melanotropes

A
  • most abundant cells that may surround colloid-filled follicles
  • produce melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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16
Q

Pars Tuberalis

A
  • believed to play a role in the seasonal-reproductive cycle of some domestic mammals
  • a few gonadotrophs and thyrotrophs are present
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17
Q

Pituicytes

A
  • glial cells of the neurohypophysis

- modified astrocytes

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18
Q

Neurohypophysis

A
  • microglial cells are present
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19
Q

Hypothalamo-Neurohypophyseal System Components

A
  1. Supraoptic Nuclei

2. Paraventricular Nuclei

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20
Q

Supraoptic Nuclei

A
  • secrete ADH, or vasopressin
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21
Q

Paraventricular Nuclei

A
  • secretes oxytocin
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22
Q

Supraoptic Nuclei and Paraventricular Nuclei

A
  • these nuclei have large neuronal bodies containing neurosecretory granules
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23
Q

Neurosecretory granules

A
  • produce oxytocin and vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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24
Q

Neural Lobe

A
  • in this, enlarged axon terminals store and release neurosecretory granules in the perivascular space of sinusoidal capillaries
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25
Q

Herring Bodies

A
  • enlarged axon terminals containing neurosecretory granules in the neural lobe
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26
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • strongly basophilic

with elongated nuclei and long cytoplasmic processes

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27
Q

Pinealocyte

A
  • slightly basophilic with large irregular shaped nuclei
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28
Q

Pinealocyte

A
  • secretes melatonin
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29
Q

Melatonin Functions

A
  1. regulates the day/night schedule
  2. Regulates the seasonal sexual activity with the pars tuberalis
  3. Inhibits the secretion of FSH and LH
30
Q

Thyroid Gland

A
  • It is surrounded by a thin capsule of dense irregular C.T. from which trabecula extend into the parenchyma, dividing it into lobules
31
Q

Thyroid Follicles

A
  • filled with colloid (gel-like substance)

- lined by follicular cells

32
Q

Thyroid Follicles in the resting state

A
  • epithelium is low cuboidal

- colloid appears very dense

33
Q

Thyroid Follicles in the stimulated state

A
  • epitheloim is cuboidal or low columnar

- the colloid is dissolved

34
Q

Thyroid follicles

A
  • synthesize thyroid hormones (thyroxine) which release into the blood to increase basal metabolic rate (BMR) of the body
35
Q

Iodinated Thyroglobin

A
  • thyroglobin + iodine
36
Q

Parafollicular Cells

A
  • secrete calcitonin which inhibits osteoclasts to release calcium thus lowers the calcium level
37
Q

Thyroid Gland Lobules

A
  1. Thyroid Follicles
  2. parafollicular cells
  3. Dense networks of sinusoidal capillaries
38
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A
  • surrounded by a capsule of dense irregular CT
39
Q

Parathyroid Gland Cells

A
  1. Light principal cells
  2. Dark principal cells
  3. Few oxyphilic cells
  4. Transitional cells
40
Q

Light principal cells of Parathyroid glands

A
  • inactive cells

- secrete parathormone

41
Q

Dark principal cells of Parathyroid glands

A
  • active cells

- secrete parathormone

42
Q

Oxyphilic cells of Parathyroid glands

A
  • present in horses and large ruminants

- light staining cytoplasm

43
Q

Transitional Cell

A
  • structural characteristic between principal and oxyphilic cells
44
Q

Parathormone

A
  • activate osteoclasts to release calcium into the blood

- It also maintains calcium and phosphorous levels in the blood

45
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • inhibits osteoclasts to release calcium

- > therefore, lowers the blood calcium and promotes osteogenesis

46
Q

Adrenal Gland

A
  • surrounded by a thin CT capsule

- parenchyma has an outer cortex and a medulla

47
Q

Adrenal Cortex (outer) Zones

A
  1. Zona Glomerulosa
  2. Zona Fasciculata
  3. Zona Reticularis
48
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

A
  • characteristics of steroid secreting cells
49
Q

Zona Glomerulosa

A
  • produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

- > maintains sodium and potassium level in ECF

50
Q

Ruminants

A
  • zona glomerulosa is formed by irregular clusters and cords of cells
51
Q

Horse, carnivores, pig

A
  • Zona glomerulosa is called the zona arcuata

- the cells are arranged in arcs

52
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A
  • radially arranged cords of cuboidal or columnar cells

- contain a large number of lipid droplets

53
Q

Zona Fasciculata and Zona Reticularis

A
  • production of glucocorticoids and sex hormones

- > protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism

54
Q

Zona Reticularis

A
  • irregular network of anastomosing cell cords
55
Q

External Layer to Internal Layer of the Adrenal Gland

A
  1. Adrenal Cortex (outer)
    - Zona glomerulus
    - zona fasciculata
    - zona reticularis
  2. Adrenal Medulla (Inner)
56
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • called chromaffin cells due to its affinity with chromium salta
57
Q

Chromaffin Cell Types

A
  1. Stronger Chromaffin reaction

2. Less Affinity to chromium salt

58
Q

Stronger Chromaffin reaction

A
  • chromaffin cell that secretes norepinephrine
59
Q

Less Affinity to chromium salt

A
  • chromaffin cell that secretes epinephrine
60
Q

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

A
  • released under physical and psychological stress
61
Q

Pancreatic Islets

A
  • arranged in irregular anastomosing cords composed of five different types of cells
    1. A-cells (5-30%)
    2. B-cells (60-80%)
    3. C-cells
    4. D-cells
    5. Small granulated cells
62
Q

A-Cells

A
  • contains secretory granules which are insoluble in alcohol
63
Q

A-Cells

A
  • secretes glucagon

- > increases blood sugar level

64
Q

A-Cell Stain

A
  • stained brilliant red with Mason’s trichome and Gomori/s aldehyde-fuchsin
65
Q

B-Cells

A
  • secretory granules are soluble in alcohol
66
Q

B-Cells

A
  • produces insulin

- > which reduces blood sugar level

67
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • absence or insufficient secretion of insulin from B-cells causes this disease
68
Q

Mallory’s Trichome

A
  • stains B cells dark orange
69
Q

Gomori’s aldehyde-fuschsin

A
  • stains B cells with deep purple
70
Q

C-Cells

A
  • immature precursor cells to the other type of islet cells
71
Q

D-Cells

A
  • are relatively rare
  • produces somatostatin
  • > has an inhibitory action on the secretion of insulin and glucagon
72
Q

Small Granulated Cells

A
  • precursors of a variety of cells that produce various gastro-entero-pancreatic hormones
  • > inhibit intestinal motility and bile secretion

Histology and Embryology (17 decks)

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