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A&P II > urine > Flashcards

urine Flashcards

1
Q

blood is filtered through the ______ in order to eliminate wastes

A

kidneys

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2
Q

____ L of blood passes through the kidneys per day

A

180 L

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3
Q

the good stuff in the blood goes where after being filtered through the kidneys? bad stuff?

A

into circulation

in urine

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4
Q

components of the urinary system (4)

A
  • kidneys (2)
  • ureters (2)
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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5
Q

component of the urinary system: filters blood

A

kidneys

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6
Q

component of the urinary system: drainage tubes of kidneys; drains FILTRATE

A

ureters

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7
Q

what do the ureters drain?

A

filtrate

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8
Q

component of the urinary system: muscular storage tank for urine

A

urinary bladder

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9
Q

component of the urinary system: exit point of body

A

urethra

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10
Q

which gender’s urthera is used for both the urinary and reproductive system?

A

males (urine + semen)

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11
Q

functions of urinary system (8):

A

1) fluid filtration
2) regulates blood volume
3) maintains salt/water balance
4) maintains acid/base balance
5) gluconeogenesis
6) renin production
7) erythropoietin production
8) activates vitmain D

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12
Q

function of urinary system: major job; filters plasma

A

fluid filtration

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13
Q

only about ___% of the 180 L is urine and the rest goes BACK TO THE BODY

A

1% (aka 1.8 Liters is urine)

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14
Q

function of urinary system: related to BLOOD PRESSURE; both kidneys are involed in this

A

regulate blood volume

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15
Q

function of urinary system: use osmatic gradients to regulate ions

A

maintains salt/water + acid/base balance (2 functions)

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16
Q

function of urinary system: involved in the conversion of non-carbohydrates to carbohydrates

A

gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

function of urinary system: cause angiotensin production which leads to aldosterone (movement of salt + water)

A

renin production

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18
Q

function of urinary system: signal to tell RBC to produce more; kidney does this

A

erythropoietin production

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19
Q

function of urinary system: kidney activates this vitamin; nonactive form —> active (produced on skin); important for absorption of calcium

A

activates vitamin D

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20
Q

important for calcium absorption

A

vitamin D

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21
Q

kidney structure parts (9)

A
  • capsule
  • cortex
  • medulla
  • pelvis
  • pyramids
  • columns
  • major calyces
  • minor calyces
  • hilum
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22
Q

part of kidney structure: outter covering; outtermost

A

capsule

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23
Q

part of kidney structure: deep to capsule

A

cortex

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24
Q

part of kidney structure: deepest region; innermost

A

medulla

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25
Q

part of kidney structure: flattened part of ureter; renal sinus is here**

A

pelvis

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26
Q

part of kidney structure: triangles; always appear striped bc it is composed of collecting tubules

A

pyramids

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27
Q

part of kidney structure: spaces between renal pyamids; inward extension of cortical (cortex) tissue

A

colummns

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28
Q

part of kidney structure: connect and become renal pelvis; collection tubule

A

major calyces

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29
Q

part of kidney structure: collection tubules; connect and become major calyces

A

minor calyces

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30
Q

part of kidney structure: indention of kidney

A

hilum

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31
Q

the 2 MAJOR regions of the kidney

A

medulla + cortex

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32
Q

T/F: filtrate is the same as urine

A

FALSE

- filtrate eventually becomes urine along the path of the renal tubules

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33
Q

supportive layers of the kidney (3):

A
  • renal capsule
  • adipose capsule
  • renal fascia
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34
Q

supportive layer of the kidney:outter layer; protects organ; acts as a boundary

A

renal capsule

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35
Q

supportive layer of the kidney: prevents heat loss as blood filters through; insulates + cushions

A

adipose capsule

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36
Q

supportive layer of the kidney: anchors kidney in place

A

renal fascia

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37
Q

kidneys are _________ because they are located behind the abdominal cavity

A

retroperitoneal

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38
Q

structural + functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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39
Q

filtration is a funciton of _______

A

pressure

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40
Q

how many nephrons are there in a kidney?

A

more than a million

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41
Q

parts of a nephron (8):

A
  • renal corpuscle
  • glomerulus
  • renal tubule
    • Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule
    • proximal convoluted tubule
    • Loop of Henle (descending + ascending)
    • distal convuluted tubule
  • collecting ducts
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42
Q

part of a nephron: consists of glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule

A

renal corpuscle

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43
Q

part of a nephron: modified capillary bed (special); supplied and drained by an arteriole and a venule

A

glomerulus

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44
Q

part of a nephron: captures filtered stuff from glomerulus + modifies it

A

renal tubule

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45
Q

part of a nephron: surrounds glomerulus; continues with proximal convuluted tubule

A

Bowman’s Capsule (glomerular capsule)

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46
Q

parts of Renal Tubule + order (5):

A

1) Bowman’s capsule
2) proximal convuluted tubule
3) Loop of Henle (descending + ascending)
4) distal convuluted tubule
5) collecting ducts (**kind of part of renal tubule; continous tho so technically)

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47
Q

why is the glomerulus “special”?

A

has the highest BP of all the capillaries in the body

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48
Q

all the parts of the renal tubule connect to many ______

A

glomeruluses

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49
Q

are all nephrons the same?

A

no (2 different types!)

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50
Q

types of nephrons (2):

A
  • cortical

- juxtamedullary

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51
Q

type of nephron: mostly in the cortex; the MAJORITY of nephrons are this type

A

cortical nephrons

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52
Q

___% of all nephrons are cortical nephrons

A

85%

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53
Q

type of nephron: ascends much depper into the medulla; other 15%; deal with more concentrated urine

A

juxtamedullary nephron

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54
Q

the DEEPER you go into the medulla, the more ________ the urine

A

concentrated

(less water in the urine so more water goes back to the body)

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55
Q

if you’re dehydrated, your body sends more blood to ______ nephrons by dilating arteriole supply; concentrates your urine and supplies more water to your body

A

juxtamedullary

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56
Q

if you’re dehydrated, your body CONSTRICTS arteriole supply to _____ nephrons

A

cortical

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57
Q

nephron vasculature components (5):

A
  • afferent arteriole
  • efferent arteriole
  • glomerulus
  • peritubular capillaries
  • vasa recta
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58
Q

component of nephron vasculature: supplies glomerulus

A

afferent arteriole (“A” for arrive)

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59
Q

component of nephron vasculature: drains glomerulus; becomes peritubular capillaries

A

efferent arteriole

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60
Q

component of nephron vasculature: capillaries surrounding renal tubule

A

peritubular cacpillaries

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61
Q

efferent arterioles become ____ ____

A

peritubular capillaries

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62
Q

component of nephron vasculature: modified pertubular capillaries in a juxtamedullary nephron (look like a ladder and more uniform)

A

vasa recta

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63
Q

modification where distal convoluted tubule runs against the afferent arteriole

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

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64
Q

cells in wall of arteriole that enlarge and gain the ability to produce renin; mechanoreceptors that monitor pressure; modifies BP of afferent arteriole blood to glomerulus that can bring about change to apparatus

A

juxtaglomerular cells (JG cells)

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65
Q

JG cells =

A

juxtaglomerular cells

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66
Q

act as chemoreceptors; monitor concentration of filtrate passing through

A

macula densa cells (in distal convoluted tubule)

67
Q

what two types of cells BOTH affect the rate of filtrate formation?

A

JG cells + macula densa cells

68
Q

where are the JG cells found?

A

afferent arteriole (mostly) + efferent arteriole

69
Q

where are macula densa cells found?

A

distal convoluted tubule (and ascending limb)

70
Q

JG apparatus can change the function of the ______

A

kidney

71
Q

filtration membrane (in glomerulus) components (3):

A
  • fenestrated epithelium
  • podocytes
  • basement membrane
72
Q

filtration membrane component: has pores; allows everything in in plasma but cells

A

fenestrated epithelium

73
Q

filtration membrane component: cytoplasmic extensions that wrap around capillaries; no filtration except INBETWEEN them; “filtration slits”

A

podocytes

74
Q

filtration membrane component: surround capillary; prevents proteins from escaping

A

basement membrane

75
Q

site of filtration

A

glomerulus

76
Q

3 parts of urine formation:

A

1) glomerular filtration
2) tubular reabsorption
3) tubular secretion

77
Q

part of urine formation: the movement of substances from the blood within the glomerulus into the capsular space; PASSIVE process; nonselective process that uses hydrostatic pressure (mostly — aka BP) of the fluid inside the capillaries to filter

A

glomerular filtration

78
Q

as BP increase, filtration ______

A

increases

79
Q

part of urine formation: the movement of substances (IONS + WATER) form the tubular fluid back INTO the blood; based on hormonal control;
pulling things out of the tubule; can be passive OR active; organic nutrients (ex: glucose + amino acids) get absorbed back 100%

A

tubular reabsorption

80
Q

part of urine formation: the movement of substances from the blood into the TUBULAR FLUID; clearing plasma of unwanted substances

A

tubular secretion

81
Q

filtration only occurs where?

A

glomerulus

82
Q

tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion start immediately in the _____ _____ and occurs ALL ALONG the tube

A

proximal tubule

83
Q

urine contains both _____ and _____ substances

A

filtered + secreted

84
Q

types of filtration pressure (4)

A
  • glomerular hydrostatic pressure
  • colloid osmotic pressure of intracapsular space
  • colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood
  • capsular hydrostatic pressure
85
Q

type of filtration pressure: deal with BIG things (proteins that have been filtered and accumulated = BAD)

A

colloid osmotic pressure of intracapsular space

86
Q

type of filtration pressure: where proteins SHOULD be (bc of basement membrane)

A

colloid osmotic pressure of glomerular blood

87
Q

type of filtration pressure: pressure pushing on and out of the capillaries

A

capsular hydrostatic pressure

88
Q

ALL of the filtration pressure combined =

A

net filtration pressure

89
Q

the net filtration pressure should be _____

A

positive

90
Q

kinks in renal tubules are associated with _____ _____

A

renal failure

91
Q

amount of blood flow passing through glomerulus

A

renal blood flow (RBF)

92
Q

RBF =

A

renal blood flow

93
Q

GFR =

A

glomerular filtration rate

94
Q

what happens to RBF and GFR when the afferent arteriole CONSTRICTS?

A

RBF: decreases
GFR: decreases

95
Q

what happens to RBF and GFR when the afferent arteriole DILATES?

A

RBF: increases
GFR: increases

96
Q

what happens to RBF and GFR when the efferent arteriole CONSTRICTS?

A

RBF: decreases
GFR: increases (blood hangs out for longer; more filtration)

97
Q

what happens to RBF and GFR when the efferent arteriole DILATES?

A

RBF: increases
GFR: decreases (pass thru so quickly, less filtration)

98
Q

kidney regulates filtration by regulated the ______ of the afferent and efferent tubules (direct relationship between this and the amount of blood that is filtered)

A

diameter

99
Q

filtration regulation is both ______ and ______

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

100
Q

intrinsic filtration regulation mechanisms (2):

A
  • myogenic mechanism of auto regulation

- tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregulation

101
Q

extrinsic filtration regulation mechanisms (2):

A
  • hormonal (renin-angiotensin) mechanism

- neural controls

102
Q

all filtration regulation mechanisms (both intrinsics and extrinsic) are stimulated by what?

A

low BP in the renal blood vessels

103
Q

all filtration regulation mechanisms (both intrinsics and extrinsic) are end with what?

A

increased GFR

104
Q

myogenic mechanism of autoregulation steps (4):

A

1) low BP
2) renal vascular smooth muscle is INHIBITED
3) vasodilation of afferent arterioles
4) increased GFR

105
Q

tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregulation steps (6):

A

1) low BP in renal blood vessels
2) reduced filtrate flow or osmolality in distal tubules
3) macula densa cells of JG apparatus of kidney are INHIBITED
4) prompts release of vasoactive chemical
5) vasodilation of afferent arterioles
6) increased GFR

106
Q

control tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregulation; monitor the concentration of filtrate

A

macula densa cells in JG apparatus

107
Q

LOW BP + osmolarity _____ macula densa cells, which leads to _______ of afferent arterioles and _____ GFR

A

activate
vasodilation
increased

108
Q

HIGH BP + osmolarity _____ macula densa cells, which leads to _______ of afferent arterioles and _____ GFR

A

inhibits
vasoconstriction
decreased

109
Q

2 controls of the tubuloglomerular mechanism of autoregulation:

A
  • macula densa cells

- hormones

110
Q

hormonal (renin-angiotensin) mechanism steps (5… but rlly 10)

A

1) low BP in renal blood vessels
2) JG cells (of JG apparatus of kidney) release renin (only if BP is low)
3) angiotensinogen is activated to angiotensin II
4) stimulates: adrenal cortex + systemic arterioles (2 dif pathways):
- adrenal cortex releases aldosterone in kidney tubules
- increase Na+ reabsorption; water follows
- increased blood volume and systemic BP
AND
- systemic arterioles cause vasoconstriction; increases peripheral resistance
- increased systemic BP
5) increased GFR

111
Q

in the hormonal (renin-angiotensin) mechanism, the JG cells can also (2):

A
  • STIMULATE the macula densa cells (in tubuloglomerular mechanism)
  • stimulate sympathetic nervous system (in neural control) to stimulate the systemic arterioles
112
Q

neural control steps (6)

A

1) low BP
2) baroreceptors in blood vessels of systemic circulation are STIMULATED
3) stimulates sympathetic nervous stystem (release norepinephrine)
- — now in hormonal mechanism
4) systemic articles are stimulated
5) vasoconstriction; increases peripheral resistance
6) increased systemic BP
7) increased GFR

113
Q

which filtration regulation mechanism can override EVERYTHING?

A

neural control

114
Q

kidneys try to maintain a _____ rate of filtration (homeostasis)

A

constant

115
Q

_____ changes in the body change kidney activityd

A

systematic

116
Q

BP decreases, filtration ______

A

decreases (but kidney doesn’t like it so it tries to fix it)

117
Q

how does renin control BP (3):

A
  • causes systemic vasoconstriction (BP increases a little)
  • directly causes an increase in sodium reabsorption
  • —> Na+ creates an osmotic gradient that moves water
  • —> water follows Na+ (BP increases)
  • activates angiotensin (stimulates cortex to produce aldosterone = major hormonal regulator of Na+ reabsorption in the kidney)
118
Q

major hormonal regulator of Na+ reabsorption in the kidney

A

aldosterone

119
Q

other factors that regulate filtration (4):

A
  • prostaglandins
  • nitric oxide
  • adenosine
  • endothelin
120
Q

other factor that reg. filtration: eicosanoids; singular molecule; only have a LOCAL effect; result in VASODILATION of afferent arterioles; released by kidneys

A

prostaglandin

121
Q

other factor that reg. filtration: cause vasoDILATION; increase filtration rate

A

nitric oxide

122
Q

other factor that reg. filtration: vasodilator in the rest of the body, BUT vasoCONSTRICTOR in the kidney; decrease filtration rate

A

adenosine

123
Q

other factor that reg. filtration: released by blood vessels; vasoCOSNTRICTOR

A

endothelin

124
Q

2 forces of tubular reabasorption (of urine formation):

A
  • transepithelium

- paracellular process

125
Q

force of tubular reabasorption: MOST of reabsorption; crossed epithelium 3 times; moves things actively + passively; cells have TIGHT JUNCTIONS (tight on lumen side)

A

transepithelium

126
Q

force of tubular reabasorption: have carrier molecules in between cells to move IONS; increase in efficiency of transepithelium movement

A

paracellular process

127
Q

biggest user of ATP in the body

A

kidney

128
Q

most of the absorption during tubular reabsorption occurs WHERE?

A

proximal convulsed tubule

but does occur along entire length of tube

129
Q

during tubular reabsorption, we do we NOT want to reabsorb back into the blood vessels (3)?

A
  • urea
  • creatine
  • uric acid (toxic)
130
Q

during tubular reabsorption, we DO we want to reabsorb back into the blood vessels (3)?

A
  • water (99%)
  • sodium (99.5%)
  • glucose (100%)
131
Q

____% of filtered glucose goes back into the blood during tubular reabsorption

A

100%

132
Q

T/F: secretion of unwanted things occurs at the same time as reabsorption (aka step 2 and 3 of urine formation)

A

true

133
Q

the action of tubular reabsorption can be split into what 2 regions?

A
  • descending loop of Henle

- ascending loop of Henle

134
Q

region of tub. reabsorption action: PERMEABLE; water leaves (hypnotic –> hypertonic) passively in response to a gradient

A

descending loop of Henle

135
Q

region of tub. reabsorption action: IMPERMEABLE to water, but NOT ions (they can move); cause a gradient that causes water to leave the descending loop; ACTIVE transport (mostly but Na+ movement can be passive or active); more hormones increase Na+ reabsorption here

A

ascending loop of Henle

136
Q

most reabsorption occurs here; gets ride of unwanted stuff

A

proximal convoluted tubule

137
Q

___% of water and odium get reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule and the rest is controlled by _______

A

65%

hormones

138
Q

changes water amount in collecting duct (and I think distal convoluted tubule)

A

ADH (Antidiuretic hormone)

139
Q

ADH =

A

antidiuretic hormone

140
Q

the amount of water moving out is HIGHER than ion movement (more water reabsorption than ion) b running in opposite direction; efficiency increases bc of the difference between the ascending and descending tubules

A

countercurrent mechanism

141
Q

countercurrent multiplier: fluids in PCT osmotically equal to _____

A

plasma

142
Q

countercurrent multiplier: _______ ______ freely permeable to water and IMPERMEABLE to solutes

A

descending limb

143
Q

countercurrent multiplier: _____ _____ IMPERMEABLE to water but selectively permeable to solutes

A

ascending limb

144
Q

countercurrent multiplier: _____ ____ permeable to urea (helps with gradient when we need more water)

A

collecting ducts

145
Q

capillaries/blood around tubules are also running in ______ directions

A

opposite

146
Q

all glomerular capillaries are in the _______

A

cortex (of kidney)

147
Q

Loop of Henle extends to the ______ of the kidney

A

medulla

148
Q

vasa recta are freely permeable to water and salt; picks EVERYTHING up

A

countercurrent exchanger

149
Q

concentration of urine is depending on ______ secretion

A

ADH

150
Q

low ADH produces _____ urine

A

dilute

151
Q

high ADH produced ______ urine

A

concentrated

152
Q

ADH production increases ______ reabsorption from the collecting duct

A

water

153
Q

hormone regulators of urine (2):

A

1) aldosterone

2) ADH

154
Q

what releases ADH?

A

posterior pituitary gland

155
Q

increases reabsorption of water to help form a more CONCENTRATED urine; suppressed by alcohol; opens up aquaporins

A

ADH

156
Q

a channel for water; opened by ADH

A

aquaporin

157
Q

movement of urine from the ureter to the bladder is _____

A

passive

158
Q

each ureter has an opening, known as an ______

A

orifice

159
Q

bladder haws _____ that prevents stretch by changing size

A

rugae

160
Q

what type of tissue is the bladder?

A

transitional epithelium

161
Q

the act of emptying the bladder

A

micturition

162
Q

micturition process (3):

A

1) urine accumulates in the bladder
2) stretch receptors are activated (send signal to brain)
3) voiding reflexes under conscious control
- - parasympathetic stimulation contracts bladder and relaxes internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary temp.) sphincters

163
Q

under conscious control, we can override parasympathetic impulses to urinate immediately

A

voiding reflex

A&P II (11 decks)

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