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A&P II > circulation > Flashcards

circulation Flashcards

1
Q

vitals signs that we discussed (2):

A
  • pulse

- BP

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2
Q

vital sign: waves/beats of pressure from contraction

A

pulse

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3
Q

viral sign: pressure against veins

A

BP

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4
Q

what does you use to measure BP?

A

sphygmomanometer

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5
Q

Russian who discovered heart sounds

A

Karatkoff

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6
Q

when the sphygmomanometer cuff is inflated, it squeezes the artery ____

A

closed

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7
Q

1st karatkoff sound = ______ pressure

A

systolic

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8
Q

last karatkoff noise/no noise = ______ pressure

A

diastolic

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9
Q

perfusion matches _______

A

NEEDS

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10
Q

the blood flow at the capillary level in tissue.

A

Tissue Perfusion

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11
Q

tissue perfusion: if need changes, ___ ____ changes (ex: inactive –> active)

A

blood supply

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12
Q

effects of tissue perfusion and why blood supply changes to certain areas (4):

A
  • delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissue
  • removes wastes from tissues
  • exchanges gases in lungs
  • forms urine in kidneys
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13
Q

speed of blood flow through blood vessels in body

A

blood velocity

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14
Q

blood velocity is INVERSELY related to what?

A

cross-sectional area of vessles

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15
Q

regarding blood velocity, what is the greatest-cross sectional area?

A

capillaries (so blood is extremely slow)

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16
Q

the greater the cross-sectional area of vessels, the _____ the blood flow

A

slower

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17
Q

blood velocity is regulated locally by modifying _____ of ______

A

diameter of arterioles

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18
Q

what type of blood vessel do we have the most of?

A

capillaries (most blood is still in veins tho)

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19
Q

blood velocity is fast, then slows down tremendously in _______, and then speeds up again

A

capillaries

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20
Q

the regulation of blood flow is relatively ______ GENERALLY

A

automatic

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21
Q

3 relatively automatic regulations/mechanisms of blood flow/blood VELOCITY:

A
  • metabolic mechanism of autoregulation
  • myogenic mechanism
  • angiogenic mechanism
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22
Q

metabolic mechanism of auto regulation: low levels of nutrients and oxygen cause ….

A

vadodilation and relaxation of precapillary sphincters

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23
Q

myogenic mechanism: changes in _____ of vessel causes response in smooth muscle of vessel

A

stretch

24
Q

angiogenic mechanism: angiogenesis increases _____ and ____ of vessels

A

number and size

25
Q

production of new blood vessels (mostly capillaries)

A

angiongenesis

26
Q

________ ______ and ________ molecules can pass via DIRECT DIFFUSION

A

respiratory gases + lipid-soluble molecules (right thru endothelium of cap.)

27
Q

water-soluble solutes pass through ______ _____ and ______ as long as they’re SMALL

A

intercellular celfts and fenestrations (aka b/w cells)

28
Q

large molecules pass through _______

A

caveoli (ACTIVE transportation)

29
Q

clathrin-coated vesicles that grab big things and release them through exocytosis

A

caveoli

30
Q

fluids pass through ____ _____

A

pinocytic vesicles

31
Q

capillary fluid dynamics: fluid is forced out through ______ at the _____ end

A

clefts @ arterial end

32
Q

capillary fluid dynamics: most fluid returns at ____ end

A

venous end

33
Q

capillary fluid dynamics: flow is regulated by balance between ______ _____ and _____ _____ ______

A

hydrostatic pressure + colloid osmotic pressure

34
Q

which is more important: hydrostatic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure?

A

hydrostatic pressure

35
Q

force exerted by fluid pressing against a wall (ex: capillary wall)

A

hydrostatic pressure

36
Q

capillary hydrostatic pressure drops along length of ____ _____

A

capillary bed

37
Q

hydrostatic pressure is higher at ______ end

A

arteriole end (and decreases as you go along)

38
Q

forced created by presence of large, nondifussible molecules (ex: PROTEIN)

A

colloid osmotic pressure

39
Q

colloid osmotic pressure functions in OPPOSITION to _____ _____

A

hydrostatic pressure

40
Q

which pressure does NOT vary along length of capillary bed?

A

colloid osmotic pressure (bc proteins can’t escape)

41
Q

increase in albumin causes an increase in _____ ____ _____

A

colloid osmotic pressure

42
Q

a protein made by your liver; helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn’t leak into other tissues.

A

Albumin

43
Q

interaction between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressures; fluids moving out of capillaries and INTO interstitial space

A

net filtration pressure

44
Q

net filtration pressure determines ….

A

if there is a net gain or loss of fluid from capillaries

45
Q

extra capillary bed that exits between venues to supply specific needs to tissue

A

portal

46
Q

largest portal system

A

hepatic portal system

47
Q

portal systems: _____ to _____ to _____

A

veins to capillaries to veins

48
Q

serve specific regional tissue needs

A

portal systems

49
Q

any condition where you can’t circulate blood properly

A

circulatory shock

50
Q

type of circulatory shock: lose too much blood to circulate it properly

A

hypovolemic shock

51
Q

type of circulatory shock: vasodilation; reduces BP; blood doesnt wanna flow, not receiving enough oxygen; normal blood volume; can be caused by bacterial infection or allergies

A

vascular shock

52
Q

type of circulatory shock: pump doesnt work properly

A

cardiogenic shock

53
Q

embryological development of blood vessels (4):

A

1) mesoderm cells form endothelial lining of blood vessels ALL OVER EMBRYO
2) these collect as “blood islands”
3) blood islands connect to from vascular tubes
4) platelet-derived growth factor signals mesenchymal cells to from muscualr and fibrous coats

54
Q

disease: starts when YOUNG; the accumulation of plaque in blood vessels (not just heart) and blood flow is decreased

A

atherosclerosis

55
Q

______ prevents deposits of plaque in atherosclerosis

A

estrogen

56
Q

_____ leads to LOTS of health issues

A

hypertension

A&P II (11 decks)

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