circulation Flashcards
vitals signs that we discussed (2):
- pulse
- BP
vital sign: waves/beats of pressure from contraction
pulse
viral sign: pressure against veins
BP
what does you use to measure BP?
sphygmomanometer
Russian who discovered heart sounds
Karatkoff
when the sphygmomanometer cuff is inflated, it squeezes the artery ____
closed
1st karatkoff sound = ______ pressure
systolic
last karatkoff noise/no noise = ______ pressure
diastolic
perfusion matches _______
NEEDS
the blood flow at the capillary level in tissue.
Tissue Perfusion
tissue perfusion: if need changes, ___ ____ changes (ex: inactive –> active)
blood supply
effects of tissue perfusion and why blood supply changes to certain areas (4):
- delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissue
- removes wastes from tissues
- exchanges gases in lungs
- forms urine in kidneys
speed of blood flow through blood vessels in body
blood velocity
blood velocity is INVERSELY related to what?
cross-sectional area of vessles
regarding blood velocity, what is the greatest-cross sectional area?
capillaries (so blood is extremely slow)
the greater the cross-sectional area of vessels, the _____ the blood flow
slower
blood velocity is regulated locally by modifying _____ of ______
diameter of arterioles
what type of blood vessel do we have the most of?
capillaries (most blood is still in veins tho)
blood velocity is fast, then slows down tremendously in _______, and then speeds up again
capillaries
the regulation of blood flow is relatively ______ GENERALLY
automatic
3 relatively automatic regulations/mechanisms of blood flow/blood VELOCITY:
- metabolic mechanism of autoregulation
- myogenic mechanism
- angiogenic mechanism
metabolic mechanism of auto regulation: low levels of nutrients and oxygen cause ….
vadodilation and relaxation of precapillary sphincters
myogenic mechanism: changes in _____ of vessel causes response in smooth muscle of vessel
stretch
angiogenic mechanism: angiogenesis increases _____ and ____ of vessels
number and size
production of new blood vessels (mostly capillaries)
angiongenesis
________ ______ and ________ molecules can pass via DIRECT DIFFUSION
respiratory gases + lipid-soluble molecules (right thru endothelium of cap.)
water-soluble solutes pass through ______ _____ and ______ as long as they’re SMALL
intercellular celfts and fenestrations (aka b/w cells)
large molecules pass through _______
caveoli (ACTIVE transportation)
clathrin-coated vesicles that grab big things and release them through exocytosis
caveoli
fluids pass through ____ _____
pinocytic vesicles
capillary fluid dynamics: fluid is forced out through ______ at the _____ end
clefts @ arterial end
capillary fluid dynamics: most fluid returns at ____ end
venous end
capillary fluid dynamics: flow is regulated by balance between ______ _____ and _____ _____ ______
hydrostatic pressure + colloid osmotic pressure
which is more important: hydrostatic pressure or colloid osmotic pressure?
hydrostatic pressure
force exerted by fluid pressing against a wall (ex: capillary wall)
hydrostatic pressure
capillary hydrostatic pressure drops along length of ____ _____
capillary bed
hydrostatic pressure is higher at ______ end
arteriole end (and decreases as you go along)
forced created by presence of large, nondifussible molecules (ex: PROTEIN)
colloid osmotic pressure
colloid osmotic pressure functions in OPPOSITION to _____ _____
hydrostatic pressure
which pressure does NOT vary along length of capillary bed?
colloid osmotic pressure (bc proteins can’t escape)
increase in albumin causes an increase in _____ ____ _____
colloid osmotic pressure
a protein made by your liver; helps keep fluid in your bloodstream so it doesn’t leak into other tissues.
Albumin
interaction between hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressures; fluids moving out of capillaries and INTO interstitial space
net filtration pressure
net filtration pressure determines ….
if there is a net gain or loss of fluid from capillaries
extra capillary bed that exits between venues to supply specific needs to tissue
portal
largest portal system
hepatic portal system
portal systems: _____ to _____ to _____
veins to capillaries to veins
serve specific regional tissue needs
portal systems
any condition where you can’t circulate blood properly
circulatory shock
type of circulatory shock: lose too much blood to circulate it properly
hypovolemic shock
type of circulatory shock: vasodilation; reduces BP; blood doesnt wanna flow, not receiving enough oxygen; normal blood volume; can be caused by bacterial infection or allergies
vascular shock
type of circulatory shock: pump doesnt work properly
cardiogenic shock
embryological development of blood vessels (4):
1) mesoderm cells form endothelial lining of blood vessels ALL OVER EMBRYO
2) these collect as “blood islands”
3) blood islands connect to from vascular tubes
4) platelet-derived growth factor signals mesenchymal cells to from muscualr and fibrous coats
disease: starts when YOUNG; the accumulation of plaque in blood vessels (not just heart) and blood flow is decreased
atherosclerosis
______ prevents deposits of plaque in atherosclerosis
estrogen
_____ leads to LOTS of health issues
hypertension
