Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P II > digestion I > Flashcards

digestion I Flashcards

1
Q

2 general functions of the digestive system:

A

1) get in INTO the body

2) break it down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nutrients are absorbed (macros, vitamins, minerals) into the body into ________

A

circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mouth and anus are at the distal ends of the continuous tube; anything in the tube is considered ______ of the body

A

outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

continuous muscular tube

A

alimentary canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ALONG alimentary canal; assist in digestion (ex: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, pancreas)

A

accessory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

organs includes in the alimentary canal (7):

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • anus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

accessory organs (5):

A
  • teeth
  • tongue
  • salivary glands
  • liver
  • pancreas
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Functions/actions of the Digestive System (6):

A
  • ingestion
  • propulsion (deglutition and peristalsis)
  • mechanical digestion (mastication, mixing, segmentation)
  • chemical digestion
  • absorption
  • defecation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

function of the digestive system: bring food INTO the system

A

ingestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

function of the digestive system: MOVE food through the system

A

propulsion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

types of propulsion (2):

A
  • deglutition

- peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

type of propulsion: swallowing; voluntary; conscious control

A

deglutition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

types of propulsion: smooth muscle contractions; involuntary; subconscious, wave-like

A

peristalsis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

function of digestive system: physical breakdown of food; big pieces into small pieces; reduction of size of food but increase in SA of food so we can act on it more efficiently

A

mechanical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

types of mechanical digestion (3):

A
  • mastication
  • mixing
  • segmentation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

type of mechanical digestion: chewing

A

mastication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

type of mechanical digestion: the stirring of saliva, gastric juice, and other foods

A

mixing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

type of mechanical digestion: contraction and relaxation of of parts of tube; moves things through; mixing and propulsion occur

A

segmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

function of digestive system: enzymatic breakdown of food ingested INTO building blocks (ex: carb –> glucose, lipids –> fatty acids)

A

chemical digestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where does chemical digestion first start?

A

mouth (digesting STARCH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the first thing we digest?

A

starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

function of the digestive system: mostly done by the large (and small) intestine

A

absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

function of the digestive system: elimination of wastes (“feces”)

A

defecation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CONTROL components of the digestive system (3):

A
  • sensors
  • nerve plexuses
  • hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stimuli that can activate Control components of digestive system (5):

A
  • stretch (ex: walls of stomach causes release of dig. enzymes)
  • osmolarity
  • concentration gradients
  • pH changes
  • specific nutrients (ex: proteins, lipids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

type of control component of dig. system: detect certain stimuli; send nervous signals to nerve plexuses

A

sensors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

type of control component of dig. system: branching network of nerves; composed of afferent and efferent fibers

A

nerve plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

types of nerve plexuses (2):

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

type of nerve plexus: entirely WITHIN the gastrointestinal tract

A

intrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

type of nerve plexus: invovles things other than the digestive tract

A

extrinsic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

type of control component of dig. system: chemical messengers; released or inhibited

A

hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

two layered serous membrane that attaches to backwall to anchor organs; specific TYPE of peritoneum

A

mesentary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

the serous membrane forming the lining of the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

2 layers of peritoneum:

A
  • viceral

- parietal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

type of peritoneum: “belongs to the organ”

A

visceral peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

type of peritoneum: “belongs to the cavity”

A

parietal peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

organs behind the abdominal cavity

A

retroperitoneum organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

tunics of the peritoneum (4):

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

tunic of peritoneum: most superifical; epithelial tissue; mucus membrane that keeps things MOIST

A

mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

tunic of peritoneum: composed of a top and bottom layer; top is made of epithelital tissue with NO blood vessels; bottom is made of dense irregular CT that goes to blood vessels

A

submucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

tunic of peritoneum: smooth muscle; 2 layers that are INVOLUNTARY

A

muscularis externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

layer of muscularis externa: circular layer of muscle; changes diamter of lumen/tube when it contracts

A

top layer of muscularis externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

layer of muscularis externa: longitudinal layer; SHORTENS tube when it contracts

A

bottom layer of muscularis externa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

tunic of peritoneum: deepest layer; “visceral peritoneum;” hormones; protective

A

serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

in which tunic (and layer) of the peritoenum do blood vessels start to run through?

A

bottom layer of SUBMUCOSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

intrinsic nerve system =

A

enteric nervous system / “neurons”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

types of enteric nerves (2):

A
  • submucosal nerve plexus

- myenteric nerve plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

type of enteric nerve: detects stretch and pH; causes glandular action = SECRETION

A

submucosal nerve plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

type of enteric nerve: between two layers of muscle in muscularis externa; caues muscular action = MOTILITY

A

myenteric nerve plexus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

oral cavity =

A

buccal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

buccal (oral) cavity components (4):

A
  • palate
  • tongue (includes papillae)
  • salivary glands
  • teeth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

buccal cavity component: only part of digestive system involved with INGESTION; also involved in propulsion; cheeks and lips cut off cavity; includes the roof and floor of mouth

A

palate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

entry pathway of digestive system

A

buccal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

buccal cavity component: helps the palate; moves food around in oral cavity, mixing it; functions in swallowing

A

tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

ball of food that moves through swallowing

A

bolus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

small bumps located on the top and sides of your tongue

A

papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

2 types of papillae:

A
  • fungiform

- filiform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

type of papilae: has TASTE BUDS

A

fungiform papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

type of papillae: gives mouth GRIP

A

filiform papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

buccal cavity component: glands that make saliva

A

salivary glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

types of salivary glands (3):

A
  • parotid gland
  • sublingual gland
  • submandular gland
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

type of salivary gland: sits under the ear; composed of “serous cells” that produce enzymes

A

parotid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

type of salivary gland: made up of mucus cells

A

sublingual gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

type of salivary gland: made of mucus + enzyme cells

A

submandular gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

cleanses mouth; enzymes specific for starch; makes things BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE

A

saliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

nothing is biologically active until it is in _______

A

solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

_________ nervous stimulation stimulates production of SALIVA and is brought to the brain by __________-

A

PARASYMPATHETIC

chemoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

components of saliva (6):

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • amylase
  • lysosomes
  • IgA
  • metabolic wastes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

componet of saliva: 97-99% of saliva; MAJORITY of saliva

A

water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

componet of saliva: ions

A

electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

component of saliva: enzyme that breaks down starch (occurs in 2 places)

A

amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

componet of saliva: includes urea and uric acid

A

metabolic wastes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

pH range of saliva

A

6.5 – 6.7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

how many sets of teeth do we have over our lifetime?

A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

type of set of teeth: 20; appear in segments; lose them as we age

A

primary (deduces, milk, baby) teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

how many primary teeth do we have?

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

how many permanent teeth do we have?

A

32

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

type of set of teeth: not replaced; 32

A

permanent teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

four TYPES of teeth:

A
  • ensizers
  • cuspid
  • bicuspids
  • molars
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

type of tooth: front 4; pull/cut food

A

ensizers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

type of tooth: canine/fang; pierce food; 2

A

cuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

type of tooth: 4 total; sheering/cutting

A

bicuspids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

type of tooth: flat, grinding (used for plants originally); 6 total

A

molars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

last tooth to come in

A

3rd molar (wisdom tooth/18 year molar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

overtime, the human jaw has become ______

A

smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

region of tooth: above gum; covered by enamel

A

crown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

region of tooth: transition part

A

neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

region of tooth: embedded in bone, into the jaw

A

root

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

part of tooth structure: only in the crown; protects teeth

A

enamel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

part of tooth structure: deeper too enamel; in root + crown

A

dentine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

part of tooth structure: soft tissue; extends to root canal; contains blood vessels and nerves

A

pulp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

another name for your “gums”

A

gingiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

part of tooth structure: made of CT; “glues” tooth to socket

A

cementum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

region of propulsion (its ONLY FUNCTION); has 3 portions

A

pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

which portion of the pharynx does food not pass?

A

nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

propels food through; tube extends into trachea when bolus passes through

A

esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

2 sphincters of the esophagus:

A
  • upper esophageal sphincter

- gastroesophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

constrictions in the esophagus that prevent food from going the wrong direction

A

esophageal sphincters (upper esophageal sphincter + gastroesophageal sphincter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

deglutition process (3):

A

1) food compacted into bolus
2) buccal phase (voluntary component)
3) pharyngeal-esophagus phase (involuntary component)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

buccal phase (VOLUNTARY - 3):

A

1) tip of tongue is placed against hard palate
2) tongue contracts to force bolus into orophayrnx
3) bolus stimulates tactile (tought) receptors; sends signals to brain –> parasympathetic, autonmic signals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

pharyngeal-esophageal phase (INVOLUNTARY - 3):

A

1) tactile (touch) receptors stimulate medulla and pons
2) motor impulses sent to muscles
3) peristalsis moves bolus toward stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

hollow tube with a swelling; muscular storage; can contract in ALL directions; cardiac sphincter prevents back flow of food; pyloric sphincter controls release into small intestine

A

stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

3 functions of the stomach:

A
  • propulsion
  • mechanical digestion
  • chemical digestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

_____ digestion begins in the stomach

A

protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

what does the cardiac sphincter of the stomach do?

A

prevents backflow of food (back into the esophagus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter of the stomach do?

A

contorls release of food into the small intestine

107
Q

folds in the stomach; increase surface area; can flatten before ingestion of food

A

rugae

108
Q

volume of stomach when you’re NOT eating

A

50 mL

109
Q

volume of stomach when you’re eating:

A

400 mL or 4 L

110
Q

types of stomach cells (5):

A
  • goblet cells
  • mucous neck cells
  • parietal cells
  • chief cells
  • enteroendocrine cells
111
Q

type of stomach cell: includes gastric pits and gastric glands (in base); secrete mucus in stomach

A

goblet cells

112
Q

type of stomach cell: first cells; produce slightly acidic mucus

A

mucous neck cells

113
Q

type of stomach cell: second cells (deeper); produce hydrochloric acid + intrinsic factor

A

parietal cells

114
Q

acidic digestion component

A

hydrochloric acid

115
Q

glycoprotein required by the small intestine to absorb B12 (which is required for RBC synthesis)

A

intrinsic factor

116
Q

vitamin needed for erythropoeisis (RBC prod.) – required for life

A

B12

117
Q

type of stomach cell: produces pepsinogen

A

chief cells

118
Q

INACTIVE form of enzyme that breaks down protein

A

pepsinogen

119
Q

active form of pepsinogen

A

pepsin

120
Q

what activate pepsinogen into pepsin?

A

hydrochloric acid

121
Q

why is pepsinogen inactive?

A

so it doesnt digest the wall of the stomach

122
Q

type of stomach cell: hormone-producing cells; produce GASTRIN

A

enteroendocrine cells

123
Q

another name for enteroendocrine cells

A

G-cells (ones that produce gastrin)

124
Q

hormone that regulates activity of other parts of the digestive tract other than the stomach (where it is produced)

A

`gastrin

125
Q

in the stomach, the bolus is liquified and turned into _______

A

chyme

126
Q

how does the stomach liquify the bolus into chyme?

A

through the secretion of gastric juice

127
Q

types of stomach action (2):

A

1) secretes gastric juice

2) muscular contractions

128
Q

phases of Gastric Secretion (3):

A
  • cephaic (relex) phase
  • gastric phase
  • inestinal phase
129
Q

gastric secretion phase: conditioned/acquired reflex (learned); when you think about foods you like (or begin eating them), our stomach becomes active BEFORE FOOD ARRIVES; long reflex – involves brain

A

cephalic (reflex) phase

130
Q

gastric secretion phase: food arrives in stomach; could be both stimuli (synergenic effect) or one (either by stretch or by pH)

A

gastric phase

131
Q

grastric phase STRETCH stimuli pathway (4):

A

1) stretch (in wall)
2) autonomic signal, parasympathetic signal to brain
3) release of acetylcholine
4) gastric glands start to secrete

132
Q

gastric phase pH stimuli pathway (3):

A
  • increase of pH through the arrival of saliva (above 2) OR presence of protein
  • G cells are stimulated to produce gastrin
  • glands secrete
133
Q

the gastric phase has a _____ _____ _____

A

negative feedback loop

134
Q

gastric secretion phase: food enter small intestine; 2 parts; chyme trickles out very slowly (3mL @ a time)

A

intestinal phase

135
Q

2 parts of the intesteinal phase:

A
  • excitatory

- inhibitory

136
Q

part of intestinal phase: stimulates stomach to INCERASE activity

A

excitatory

137
Q

part of intestinal phase: slows down digestion of contents so you don’t digest your stomach

A

inhibitory

138
Q

“Interograstric Reflex” pathway of the intestinal phase (4):

A
  • stretch of intestine
  • decrease in stomach activity
  • sympathetic activity
  • pyoric sphincter SHUTS
139
Q

barrier that prvents us from digesting our own stomach

A

mucosal barrier

140
Q

components of mucosal barrier (4):

A
  • bicarbonate rich mucus
  • tight junctions in mucosal epithelium
  • HCl-impermable plasma membranes in gastric gland cells
  • undifferentitated stem cells at junction of gastric pits and gastric galnds
141
Q

component of mucosal barrier: buffers pH @ lining of wall

A

bicarbonate-rich mucus

142
Q

component of mucosal barrier: doesnt allow acid to get through; impermeable

A

tight junctions in mucosal epithelium

143
Q

component of mucosal barrier: allows enzymes to go to gastric pits, but not the other way around

A

HCl-impermeable plasma membranes in gastric gland cells

144
Q

component of mucosal barrier: constantly replaces cells (any type)

A

undifferentiated stem cells at junction of gastric pits and gastric glands

145
Q

entire lining of stomach is repelaced every ___-____ days

A

3-6 days

146
Q

what can occur if the stomach lining is not replaced every 3-6 days?

A

ulcers and bleeding

147
Q

components of gastric FILLING (2):

A
  • receptive relaxation

- adaptive relaxation

148
Q

component of gastric filling: stomach enlarges BEFORE food arrives bc it knows its coming

A

receptive relaxation

149
Q

component of gastric filling: rugae start to flatten (greater stomach volume); NO stretch occurs; no stretch occurs until 1L of food is in stomach

A

adaptive relaxation

150
Q

NO stretch occurs in the stomach until ____ of food arrives in the stomach

A

1 L

151
Q

gastric contraction involves a ______ ______ ______

A

basic electrical rhythm

152
Q

basic electrical rhythm of the stomach =

A

3 pulses / min

153
Q

“pace-maker cells” of the stomach; involved in the basic electrical rhythm/contractions;

A

interstitial cells of Cajal

154
Q

perform propusal movements and the MAJORITY of stomach contraction; have autorhythmic cells that depolarize

A

longitudinal muscles

155
Q

interstitial cells of Cajal are located in the _________ layer of the stomach

A

longitudinal (muscular layer)

156
Q

for every stomach contraction, there is an increase in _______

A

pressure

157
Q

gastric contraction: ____ mL of chyme is pushed into the duodenum, then ____ mL goes back into the stomach when it is relaxed

A

30 mL

27 mL

158
Q

why does gastric contraction only push 3 mL of chyme per minute into the small intestine (2)?

A
  • slow process increases efficiency of digestion – more absorption
  • prevents a big wave of pH change from entering small intestine
159
Q

gastric contraction: anything that involves ______ ______ increase the # of contractions/RATE

A

hydrochloric acid

160
Q

gastric emptying process (6):

A

1) chyme enters duodenum
2) stretch and chemoreceptors are activated in small intestine
3) enterogastric or enterogastrone (hormone in small intestine) reflexes initiated (inhibits gastric secretion)
4) gastric activity reduced
5) pyloric contractions reduced
6) duodenal filling stopped

161
Q

gastric emptying is completed ____ hours after your meal

A

4 hours

162
Q

when something in your stomach causes excessive stretch or irritation; stimulates diaphragm and abdominal muscles to contract

A

emisis/vomiting/regurgitation/”reverse peristalsis”

163
Q

other names for vomiting:

A
  • emisis
  • regurgitation
  • “reverse peristalsis” (but not)
164
Q

major digestive organ; digests EVERY macromolecule and finishes it here; organ of absorption, chemical digestion, and propulsion

A

small intestine

165
Q

functions of small intestine (3):

A
  • absorption
  • chemical digestion
  • propulsion
166
Q

how long is the small intestine when were alive? and dead?

A

alive: 8-13 ft
dead: 20 ft

167
Q

the small intestine runs from the _____ _____ to the beginning of the large intestine which is known as the ______ _______

A

pyloric sphincter

ilocecal valve

168
Q

subdivision/segments of the small intestine (in order - 3):

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
169
Q

subdivision of the small intestine: first 10 inches

A

duodenum

170
Q

located in the duodenum; way for secretions from the liver and pancreas to be inserted into the small intestine

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

171
Q

subdivision of the small intestine: middle 8 feet

A

jejunum

172
Q

subdivision of the small intestine: rremaining segment; has “ileocecal valve” (regulates empying of small intestine)

A

ilieum

173
Q

located in the ileum; regulates empying of small intestine

A

iliocecal valve

174
Q

structural modifications of the small intestine (4):

A
  • length
  • plicae circulares
  • villi
  • microvilli
175
Q

structural modification of the small intestine: gives it high SA = 206m; medication is bigger than the large intestine

A

length

176
Q

length of small intestine

A

206 m

177
Q

structural modification of the small intestine: folds in small intestine that increase SA; part of mucosa + submucosa lining; makes fluid SPIRAL down (slows it down and increases contraction of wall); spiral

A

plicae circulares

178
Q

structural modification of the small intestine: within mucosa; finger-like projections; increase SA (and increase contraction of chyme)

A

villi

179
Q

structural modification of the small intestine: modified plasma membrane of villi; increase SA

A

microvilli

180
Q

lining of small intestine = “_____ _____”

A

brush board

181
Q

acidic liquid produced by the small intestine; stimulated by the arrival of acidic gastric juice; shuts off pepsin

A

intestinal juice

182
Q

intestinal juice shuts off _____

A

pepsin

183
Q

digestive organ that processes blood; breaks down hemoglobin with bile as a by product

A

liver

184
Q

NOT any enzyme (not catabolic); causes digestion of FAT; an emulsifier; increases SA of fat

A

bile

185
Q

bile components (7):

A
  • water
  • bile salts
  • bile pigments (bilirubin –> urobilinogen)
  • cholesterol
  • neutral fats
  • phospholipids
  • electrolytes
186
Q

bile component: MAJORITY of bile

A

water

187
Q

bile component: perfrom emulsification

A

bile salts *

188
Q

bile component: green; is broken down into different ones

A

bile pigments

189
Q

bile pigments: HEMOGLOBIN is broken down into ________, which is then converted to ________

A

bilirubin —> urobilinogen

190
Q

bile pigment that is brown – aka way poop is brown

A

urobilinogen

191
Q

FOUR lobes of the liver:

A
  • right
  • left
  • caudate
  • quadrate
192
Q

separates left and right lobes of the liver

A

falsiform ligament

193
Q

ducts of the liver (2):

A
  • common hepatic duct

- bile duct

194
Q

liver duct: connects to hepatopancreatic ampulla (usually closed)

A

cmmon hepatic duct

195
Q

bile goes into the gallbladder through the _____ duct

A

cystic duct

196
Q

order of ducts in which bile travels to get to the duodenum (5):

A
  • common hepatic duct
    —- cystic duct
    common bile duct
    —- pancreatic duct
    hepatopancreatic duct
  • — means it joins it
197
Q

function is to STORE and CONCENTRATE bile; acclaims/absorbs water to concentrate bile

A

gallladder

198
Q

if the gallbladder concentrates bile too much, it can lead to ______

A

gallstones

199
Q

bile storage process (3):

A

1) the heptopancreatic sphincter is CLOSED when not digesting (most of the time)
2) liver continually produces bile
3) bile backs up cystic duct

200
Q

bile release process (3):

A

1) fatty chyme entering duodenum stimulates production of cholecystokinin (CCK) by intestine (allows release of bile)
2) CKK causes PARAsympathetic impulses to promote gallbladder contraction
3) CCK also relaxes hepatopancreatic sphincter – opens it

201
Q

CCK =

A

cholecystokinin

202
Q

produces pancreatic juice

A

pancreas

203
Q

pathway of pancreatic juice (3):

A
  • main pancreatic duct
  • bile duct
  • hepatopancreatic ampulla
204
Q

components of pancreatic juice (3):

A
  • water
  • enzymes
  • bicarbonate
205
Q

comment of pancreatic juice: majority of juice

A

water

206
Q

comment of pancreatic juice: used for every macromolecule; produced by EXOCRINE cells in pancreas

A

enzymes

207
Q

_______ cells in pancreas produce enzymes in pancreatic juice

A

exocrine

208
Q

component of pancreatic juice: secreated by cells that makeup pancreatic duct; pH is above 8 so it neutralizes chyme so enzymes do not get denatured

A

bicarbonate

209
Q

enzymes that break down proteins (issue); activated in the DUODENUM

A

protease enzymes

210
Q

protease enzymes (active forms):

A
  • trypsin
  • carboxypeptidase
  • chymotrypsin
211
Q

activates trypsinogen to its active form – trypsin; producated by brush-boarder of small intestine

A

enterokinase

212
Q

activatation pathway of trypsin =

A

enterokinase activates trypsinogen (inactive) to TRANSFORM into trypsin

213
Q

inactive form of trypsin

A

trypsinogen

214
Q

activatation pathway of carboxypeptidase =

A

trypsin activates Preocarboxypeptidase (sec. by pancrease) into its active form – carboxypeptidase

215
Q

inactive form of carboxypeptidase; secreted by the pancrease

A

procarboxypeptidase

216
Q

activatation pathway of chymotrypsin =

A

trypsin actives chymotrypsinogen which becomes chymotrypsin

217
Q

inactive form of chymotrypsin

A

chymotrypinsogen

218
Q

enzyme that breaks down starch

A

amylase

219
Q

enzyme that breaks down fat

A

lipase

220
Q

enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids

A

nucleases

221
Q

CONTROLS of pancreatic secretion:

A
  • secretin
  • CCK
  • paraympathetic impulses
222
Q

pancreatic secretion is controlled by both ______ and ______

A

hormones and nerves

223
Q

control of pancreatic secretion: stimulate pancreatic duct cells to produce bicarbonate; decreases acidicty of chyme

A

secretin

224
Q

control of pancreatic secretion: homone; stimulates production of enzymes by exocrine cells

A

CCK

225
Q

control of pancreatic secretion: stimulates exocine OR duct cells to start producing and secreting

A

parasympathetic impulses

226
Q

components involved in the EMPYTING of the small intestine (3):

A
  • gastroileal reflex
  • gastrin
  • pressure
227
Q

linkage between activity of stomach and ileocecal valve; causes segmentation contractions in small intestine for EMPYTING (mixing and propels food forward slowly)

A

gastroileal reflex

228
Q

activate stomach + small intestine to EMPTY; released by endocrine cells; relaxes ilioccal valve – open now

A

gastrin

229
Q

empyting of small intestine component; chyme stretches and caues this which causes iliocecal valve to CLOSE

A

pressure

230
Q

chyme going through the small intestine is _____

A

hyptotonic (lower osmotic pressure)

231
Q

length of large intestine =

A

9 ft (shorter than small intestine)

232
Q

functions of large intestine (3):

A
  • absorption (mostly water)
  • propulsion
  • elimination
233
Q

where does digestion primarily occur?

A

duodenum of small intestine

234
Q

the jejunum is healvily involved with _______

A

enzymes

235
Q

what does the ileum of the small intestine do?

A

just absorbs bile salts

236
Q

bends in large intestine; allows gases to pass faster than solids

A

rectal valves

237
Q

subdivision/segments of the LARGE intestine (in order - 5):

A
  • cecum
  • ascending colon
  • transverse colon
  • descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
238
Q

segment of large intestine: has an evolutionaly relic known as the abbermifa appendice (aka appendix); serves as a hideout for microbiome/bacteria; TRACT

A

cecum

239
Q

the appendice probably once used to digest ______

A

cellulose

240
Q

segment of the large intestine: goes into the rectal canal + anus

A

sigmoid colon

241
Q

anus has _____ sphincters

A

2 (internal and exertnal)

242
Q

anus sphincter: smooth muscle; involuntary

A

internal anal sphincter

243
Q

anus sphincter: skeletal muscle; voluntary (for about 70 years…)

A

external anal sphincter

244
Q

most common blockage of the appendix

A

seeds + gum*

245
Q

2nd most common blockage of the appendix

A

opiates

246
Q

sac-like puckerings of the large intestine

A

haustra

247
Q

bands of smooth muscle from musculera that wraps around large intestine that form puckerings

A

taenia coli

248
Q

what are feces made of (4)?

A
  • undigested food residue (ex: cellulose)
  • sloughed off epithelial cells (from mucosal layer of ileum + large intestine)
  • bacteria (from microbiota)
  • little bit of water
249
Q

if too much or too little water is in feces, what happens?

A

either diarhhea or constipation

250
Q

fat that accumulates on large instestine; doesnt appear to have a function

A

epiploic appendages

251
Q

not here for us; warm, moist, dark environments and food allow them to thrive; do not benefit us dietarily – but do benefit us in other ways

A

intestinal bacteria

252
Q

functions of intetinal bacteria (3):

A
  • ferment indigestible carbohydrates
  • synthesize B vitamins
  • synthesize vitamin K
253
Q

when intestinal bacteria ferment indigestible carbohydrates, it produces a gas. when mixed with ______ _____, it is a very smelly fat.

A

dimethyl sulfide

254
Q

some of the B vitamins produced by intetinal bacteria are absorbed by the ____ _____

A

large intestine

255
Q

what vitamin is required to make RBCs?

A

B12

256
Q

vitmamin used by the liver to make clotting proteins; synthesized by intestinal bacteria

A

vitamin K

257
Q

we usually do not get enough of vitamin ____ or ____ from our diet so intestinal bacteria help us out with that by synthesizing them

A

B or K

258
Q

motility components of large intestine:

A
  • haustral contractions

- mass movements

259
Q

motility component of large intestine: moves feces along SLOWLY; occur every 30 minutes; form of segmentation

A

haustral contractions

260
Q

motility component of large intestine: occur 3-4 times a day; typically triggered after a meal

A

mass movements

261
Q

haustral contractions occur every _____ ____

A

30 min.

262
Q

mass movments usually occur ___-___ a day

A

3-4 (apparently)

263
Q

defecation reflex (4):

A

1) mass movements cause stretch on wall of large intestine
2) stretch triggers parasympathetic stimulation of sigmoid colon and rectum, and inhibits anal sphincters (both sets are relaxed and open during defecation – except external may be constricted and closed for a short per. of time)
3) external anal sphincter under voluntary control
4) Valsalva’s manueuver assists emptying (aka you pushing)

A&P II (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions