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A&P II > temperature regulation > Flashcards

temperature regulation Flashcards

1
Q

dietary pools of free amino acids and pools of carbohydrates and fats go thru the _____

A

liver

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2
Q

in the process of pools of free amino acids transforming into pools of carbs + fats, ______ is removed and the excess are excreted in urine

A

ammonia (NH3) – deaminated

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3
Q

metabolic states (2):

A
  • absorptive

- postabsorptive

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4
Q

type of metabolic state: during or right after a meal; nutrient levels are high; major rnxs are ANABOLIC

A

absorptive

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5
Q

type of metabolic state: sometime after a meal; GI track is empty; takes reserves (storage molecules) and break them down; CATABOLIC rxns

A

postabsorptive

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6
Q

absorptive metabolic state = _______ rxns

A

ANABOLIC

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7
Q

postabsorptive metabolic state = ________ rxns

A

CATABOLIC

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8
Q

hormonal control components of GLUCOSE control:

A
  • insulin

- glucagon

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9
Q

hormonal control: major hormone of absorptive state; HI glucose levels stimulate pancreas to produce this; DECREASE blood sugar – glycogenesis, protein synthesis; prompts cells to take in glucose

A

insulin

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10
Q

hormonal control: antagonistic; LOW glucose levels stimulate production; INCREASE blood sugar – gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, glycogenolysis

A

glucagon

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11
Q

insulin and glucagon are produced by the _______

A

pancreas

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12
Q

neural control components of GLUCOSE control (2):

A
  • sympathetic stimulation

- epinephrine

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13
Q

neural control: changes use of glucose; most signal to go to adipose tissue; also to adrenal; increase blood sugar

A

sympathetic stimulation

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14
Q

neural control: signals to adrenal medulla; lipolysis + glycogenolysis; increase blood sugar

A

epinephrine

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15
Q

____ blood sugar levels stimulate the neural controls (sympathetic stimulation + epinephrine)

A

LOW

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16
Q

what metabolic state are the neural controls active in?

A

postabsorptive

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17
Q

liver functions (2):

A

1) produce very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

2) break down HDL

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18
Q

cholesterol is a ________ molecule, NOT functional

A

structural

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19
Q

cholesterol cannot travel without a carrier protein called a ______

A

lipoprotein

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20
Q

carry proteins or lipids in the form of cholesterol

A

lipoproteins

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21
Q

VLDL =

A

very low density lipoproteins

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22
Q

VLDL is transformed into _______ if cholesterol is pulled off; after cholesterol is delived to cells that needs it, it become ______; then it is repacked with cholesterol in the ______liv

A

LDL
HDL
liver

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23
Q

a lot of cholesterol is loaded on lipoproteins in the _____

A

liver

24
Q

types of metabolic rates (2):

A
  • basal metabolic rate (BMR)

- total metabolic rate (TMR)

25
Q

type of metabolic rate: amount of energy needed for ESSENTIAL activtie of life; NOT moving; chill

A

BMR (basal metabolic rate)

26
Q

type of metabolic rate: amount of energy needed for all movement and essential functions of life; basal + everything else

A

TMR (total metabolic rate)

27
Q

by product of metabolism

A

heat

28
Q

ways to measure BMR (2):

A
  • colorimeter

- respirometer

29
Q

way to measure BMR: measure heat; DIRECT

A

colorimeter

30
Q

way to measure BMR: measure oxygen consumption; INDIRECT

A

respirometer

31
Q

colorimeter is a ______ measurment

A

direct

32
Q

respirometer is a _______ measurement

A

indirect

33
Q

for both measurements of BMR (colorimeter + respirometer), the person must be in __________ metabolic state and be at ______

A

postabsorptive (fast for 12 hours)

rest

34
Q

balance between heat production and heat loss; exchange of blood between SHELL and CORE of body

A

body temperature

35
Q

body temp is relatively _______

A

constant

36
Q

types of heat exchange (4):

A
  • radiation
  • conduction
  • convection
  • evaporation
37
Q

type of heat exchange: occurs between any two objects when their temperatures differ; transfer of heat via infrared waves; lost heat to the enviroment (if it colder than you)

A

radiation

38
Q

type of heat exchange: transfer of heat by two objects that are in direct contact with one another; occurs when the skin comes in contact with a cold or warm object

A

conduction

39
Q

type of heat exchange: increased heat exhange through airflow; transfer of heat to the air surrounding the skin; can also occur in water

A

convection

40
Q

type of heat exchange: liquid (sweat) —–> gas; takes heat with it

A

evaporation

41
Q

2 types of evaporation:

A
  • sensible water loss

- insensible water loss

42
Q

type of evaporation: evaporate ON PURPOSE; aka sweating

A

sensible water loss

43
Q

type of evaporation: breathing/moisteining the air

A

insensible water loss

44
Q

heat-PROMOTING mechanisms (5):

A
  • vasoconstriction
  • increase metabolic rate
  • shivering
  • thyroxine release
  • behavioral mechanisms
45
Q

heat-promoting mechanism: keep blood within core and prevent it from going to the shell

A

vasoconstriction

46
Q

heat-promoting mechanism: increase norepinephrine + cell respiration; nonshivering thermogenesis

A

increase metabolic rate

47
Q

nonshivering thermogenesis =

A

increasing metabolic rate

48
Q

heat-promoting mechanism: shivering thermogenesis; involuntary muscle contractions; works with goosebumps to trap produced heat

A

shivering

49
Q

heat-promoting mechanism: only occurs in BABIES; they increase this to increase heat

A

thyroxine release

50
Q

heat-promoting mechanism: become physically active; change posture (curl into a ball); drink warm drinks; warm clothes; get under covers

A

behavioral mechanisms

51
Q

heat-LOSS mechanisms (3):

A
  • vasodilation
  • sweating
  • behavioral mechanisms
52
Q

heat-loss mechanism: more blood is transferred to the shell for heat exchange

A

vasodilation

53
Q

heat-loss mechanism: release liquid, which evaporates and takes heat away with it

A

sweating

54
Q

heat-loss mechanism: decreasing physical activity; move to a cooler place; wear looser and lighter colored clothing; jump in pool

A

behavioral mechanisms

55
Q

fever process (5):

A

1) cells release pyrogens
2) pyrogens cause hypothalamus to release prostaglandins
3) prostaglandins reset thermostat
4) vasoconstriction and shivering result
5) body temp increases

56
Q

heat ______ HAS to exceed heat ______

A

production; loss

A&P II (11 decks)

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