temperature regulation Flashcards
dietary pools of free amino acids and pools of carbohydrates and fats go thru the _____
liver
in the process of pools of free amino acids transforming into pools of carbs + fats, ______ is removed and the excess are excreted in urine
ammonia (NH3) – deaminated
metabolic states (2):
- absorptive
- postabsorptive
type of metabolic state: during or right after a meal; nutrient levels are high; major rnxs are ANABOLIC
absorptive
type of metabolic state: sometime after a meal; GI track is empty; takes reserves (storage molecules) and break them down; CATABOLIC rxns
postabsorptive
absorptive metabolic state = _______ rxns
ANABOLIC
postabsorptive metabolic state = ________ rxns
CATABOLIC
hormonal control components of GLUCOSE control:
- insulin
- glucagon
hormonal control: major hormone of absorptive state; HI glucose levels stimulate pancreas to produce this; DECREASE blood sugar – glycogenesis, protein synthesis; prompts cells to take in glucose
insulin
hormonal control: antagonistic; LOW glucose levels stimulate production; INCREASE blood sugar – gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, glycogenolysis
glucagon
insulin and glucagon are produced by the _______
pancreas
neural control components of GLUCOSE control (2):
- sympathetic stimulation
- epinephrine
neural control: changes use of glucose; most signal to go to adipose tissue; also to adrenal; increase blood sugar
sympathetic stimulation
neural control: signals to adrenal medulla; lipolysis + glycogenolysis; increase blood sugar
epinephrine
____ blood sugar levels stimulate the neural controls (sympathetic stimulation + epinephrine)
LOW
what metabolic state are the neural controls active in?
postabsorptive
liver functions (2):
1) produce very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
2) break down HDL
cholesterol is a ________ molecule, NOT functional
structural
cholesterol cannot travel without a carrier protein called a ______
lipoprotein
carry proteins or lipids in the form of cholesterol
lipoproteins
VLDL =
very low density lipoproteins
VLDL is transformed into _______ if cholesterol is pulled off; after cholesterol is delived to cells that needs it, it become ______; then it is repacked with cholesterol in the ______liv
LDL
HDL
liver
a lot of cholesterol is loaded on lipoproteins in the _____
liver
types of metabolic rates (2):
- basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- total metabolic rate (TMR)
type of metabolic rate: amount of energy needed for ESSENTIAL activtie of life; NOT moving; chill
BMR (basal metabolic rate)
type of metabolic rate: amount of energy needed for all movement and essential functions of life; basal + everything else
TMR (total metabolic rate)
by product of metabolism
heat
ways to measure BMR (2):
- colorimeter
- respirometer
way to measure BMR: measure heat; DIRECT
colorimeter
way to measure BMR: measure oxygen consumption; INDIRECT
respirometer
colorimeter is a ______ measurment
direct
respirometer is a _______ measurement
indirect
for both measurements of BMR (colorimeter + respirometer), the person must be in __________ metabolic state and be at ______
postabsorptive (fast for 12 hours)
rest
balance between heat production and heat loss; exchange of blood between SHELL and CORE of body
body temperature
body temp is relatively _______
constant
types of heat exchange (4):
- radiation
- conduction
- convection
- evaporation
type of heat exchange: occurs between any two objects when their temperatures differ; transfer of heat via infrared waves; lost heat to the enviroment (if it colder than you)
radiation
type of heat exchange: transfer of heat by two objects that are in direct contact with one another; occurs when the skin comes in contact with a cold or warm object
conduction
type of heat exchange: increased heat exhange through airflow; transfer of heat to the air surrounding the skin; can also occur in water
convection
type of heat exchange: liquid (sweat) —–> gas; takes heat with it
evaporation
2 types of evaporation:
- sensible water loss
- insensible water loss
type of evaporation: evaporate ON PURPOSE; aka sweating
sensible water loss
type of evaporation: breathing/moisteining the air
insensible water loss
heat-PROMOTING mechanisms (5):
- vasoconstriction
- increase metabolic rate
- shivering
- thyroxine release
- behavioral mechanisms
heat-promoting mechanism: keep blood within core and prevent it from going to the shell
vasoconstriction
heat-promoting mechanism: increase norepinephrine + cell respiration; nonshivering thermogenesis
increase metabolic rate
nonshivering thermogenesis =
increasing metabolic rate
heat-promoting mechanism: shivering thermogenesis; involuntary muscle contractions; works with goosebumps to trap produced heat
shivering
heat-promoting mechanism: only occurs in BABIES; they increase this to increase heat
thyroxine release
heat-promoting mechanism: become physically active; change posture (curl into a ball); drink warm drinks; warm clothes; get under covers
behavioral mechanisms
heat-LOSS mechanisms (3):
- vasodilation
- sweating
- behavioral mechanisms
heat-loss mechanism: more blood is transferred to the shell for heat exchange
vasodilation
heat-loss mechanism: release liquid, which evaporates and takes heat away with it
sweating
heat-loss mechanism: decreasing physical activity; move to a cooler place; wear looser and lighter colored clothing; jump in pool
behavioral mechanisms
fever process (5):
1) cells release pyrogens
2) pyrogens cause hypothalamus to release prostaglandins
3) prostaglandins reset thermostat
4) vasoconstriction and shivering result
5) body temp increases
heat ______ HAS to exceed heat ______
production; loss
