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A&P II > fluid > Flashcards

fluid Flashcards

1
Q

fluid composition of the body changes as we _____

A

age

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2
Q

we ____ fluid as we age

A

LOSE (we get saggy)

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3
Q

as body mass (especially MUSCLE mass) increases , fluid composition _____

A

increases

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4
Q

the more _____ you have, the more fluid you have

A

muscle

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5
Q

which gender is made of more fluid based on muscle mass AND adipose tissue?

A

men

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6
Q

the more adipose tissue, the _____ fluid in our body

A

LESS

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7
Q

fluid compartments (2):

A
  • intracellular

- extracellular

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8
Q

fluid compartment: where MOST of our fluid is (2/3); INSIDE our cells in cytosol

A

intracellular

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9
Q

how much of our fluid is located inside our cells (intracellular compartment)

A

2/3

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10
Q

fluid compartment: part we filter all the time; 1/3 of our fluid

A

extracellular

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11
Q

T/F: we move fluid between intracellular and extracellular compartments all of the time

A

true

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12
Q

2 parts of the extracellular compartment:

A
  • interstitial space (interstitial fluid)

- inside blood vessels (plasma)

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13
Q

part of extracellular compartment: NOT in circulation

A

interstitial fluid/space

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14
Q

part of extracellular compartment: IN circulation; plasma

A

inside blood vessels

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15
Q

fluid composition parts (3):

A
  • water
  • nonelectrolytes
  • electrolytes
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16
Q

fluid composition part: MAJORITY of fluid composition in the body; important to be biologically active; “universal solvent”

A

water

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17
Q

fluid composition part: organic molecules (glucose, lipids); do NOT dissociate in water; can accumulate to draw water to it

A

nonelectrolytes

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18
Q

fluid composition part: greater osmotic power/potential bc they DISSOCIATE in water

A

electrolytes

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19
Q

electrolytes contribute to what other 3 important factors within the body beside fluid composition?

A
  • resting membrane potential
  • muscle contractions
  • neurological impulses
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20
Q

the composition of electrolytes varies in different parts of the body; not equally ______

A

distributed

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21
Q

responsible for the unequal distribution of Na+ and K

A

sodium-potassium pump

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22
Q

sodium (Na+) is located where?

A

most OUTSIDE cells

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23
Q

potassium (K) is located where?

A

mostly INSIDE cells

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24
Q

electrolyte composition: mostly OUTSIDE of our cells; transport of it maintains pH by acting like a buffer; in blood stream

A

bicarbonate (HCO3)

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25
Q

electrolyte composition: works INSIDE the cells (unlike bicarbonate); regulates pH

A

phosphate buffer

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26
Q

electrolyte composition: breaks the rules; can’t filter out of the blood; inside blood vessels; not an equal distribution

A

protein

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27
Q

sodium is within the ____ _____ (aka outside of the cell)

A

blood plasma

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28
Q

phosphate buffer is within ______ _____

A

intracellular fluid

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29
Q

factors that affect Fluid Movement (2):

A

1) hydrostatic pressure

2) osmotic potential

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30
Q

factor that affects fluid movement: fluid moves from hi to low pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure

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31
Q

factor that affects fluid movement: concentration of ions from two different sides of a cell

A

osmotic potential

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32
Q

locations of fluid movement (where fluid movement occurs) (2):

A
  • between plasma and interstitial fluid

- between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

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33
Q

location of fluid movement: out of the blood stream into interstitial space; major factor = hydrostatic pressure (BP)

A

between plasma and interstitial fluid

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34
Q

location of fluid movement: through a selectively permeable membrane (plasma membrane); major factor = osmotic gradient

A

between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid

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35
Q

what drives fluid movement between plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

hydrostatic pressure (BP)

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36
Q

what drives fluid movement between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid?

A

osmotic gradients

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37
Q

water intake EQUALS water output

A

water balance

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38
Q

forms of water intake (2):

A
  • ingestion

- metabolic water

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39
Q

form of water intake: drinking liquids and eating foods (that have moisture)

A

ingestion

40
Q

form of water intake: cellular respiration produces water from glucose + oxygen

A

metabolic water

41
Q

forms of water output (5):

A
  • vaporization
  • perspiration
  • elimination
  • urination
  • vomiting
42
Q

form of water output: exhalation; losing water in our breath; INSENSIBLE water loss

A

vaporization

43
Q

form of water output: sweating; creates moisture on surface of body that evaporates; SENSIBLE water loss

A

perspiration

44
Q

form of water output: getting rid of feces (has some water in it)

A

elimination

45
Q

form of water output: “micturition;” peeing

A

urination

46
Q

form of water output: expelling contents of stomach (has water in it)

A

vomiting

47
Q

vaporization is ____ water loss and perspiration is _____ water loss

A

insensible

sensible

48
Q

best way to monitor water balance:

A

checking color of urine

if its dark, you’re already dehydrated

49
Q

T/F: a change in water intake causes a change in water output

A

true

50
Q

regulation mechanisms of water balance (3):

A

1) increase in plasma osmolality (blood is getting more concentrated) or decrease in blood volume promotes THIRST
2) decrease in extracellular fluid osmolality decreases ADH production (opens aquaporins; reabsorb more water into interstitial space in blood stream)***maybe
3) large decreases in BP increase ADH production

51
Q

electrolyte intake equals electrolyte output

A

electrolyte balance

52
Q

for this class, electrolyte balance is focusing on ______

A

sodium

53
Q

forms of electrolyte intake (2):

A
  • ingestion

- metabolic production

54
Q

form of electrolyte intake: break down nucleic acids

A

metabolic production

55
Q

forms of electrolyte output (4):

A
  • perspiration
  • elimination
  • urination
  • vomiting
56
Q

forms of water output and electrolyte output are the same, except electrolyte output does NOT include ______

A

vaporization

57
Q

form of electrolyte output: a BIG deal for electrolyte output (not so much for water)

A

vomiting

58
Q

outside of the cell; important in osmotic gradients to move things

A

sodium

59
Q

sodium regulation factors (6):

A
  • aldosterone
  • cardiovascular-baroreceptors
  • atrial natriuretic peptide
  • estrogen
  • progesterone
  • glucocorticoids
60
Q

need ____ ____ ____ in the body so we can preserve the functions of enzymes

A

acid-base balance

61
Q

pH of blood =

A

7.35 - 7.40

62
Q

pH of intracellular fluid =

A

7

63
Q

sources of hydrogen ions (H+) (2):

A
  • dietary (aka ingestion)

- metabolic

64
Q

abnormalities of acid-base balance (2):

A
  • acidosis

- alkalosis

65
Q

pH is too LOW

A

acidosis

66
Q

pH is too HIGH

A

alkalosis

67
Q

both acid-base abnormalities have what 2 components?

A
  • respiratory mechanism

- metabolic mechanism

68
Q

respiratory mechanisms of acid-base abnormalities are a function of _____

A

CO2

69
Q

acid-base abnormality: allow CO2 to accumulate; caused by SLOWING down our breathing

A

respiratory acidosis

70
Q

acid-base abnormality: example includes drinking 17 beers

A

metabolic acidosis

71
Q

acid-base abnormality: lose a lot of CO2 due to hyperventilating

A

respiratory alkalosis

72
Q

acid-base abnormality: example includes vomiting

A

metabolic alkalosis

73
Q

regulators of acid-base balance (3):

A
  • chemical buffer systems
  • physiological buffer systems
  • renal mechanisms
74
Q

acid-base balance regulator: buffer temporarily accepts or releases H+

A

chemical buffer systems

75
Q

acid-base balance regulator: due to respiratory action, lose CO2; only works with CO2 (unlike chemical buffers); change RATE OF BREATHING to attain or lose CO2; 2x as powerful as other buffers for controlling pH***

A

physiological buffer systems

76
Q

acid-base balance regulator: kidneys can promote elimination (everything OTHER than CO2) permanenty to regulate pH

A

renal mechanisms

77
Q

chemical buffer system components (3):

A
  • bicarbonate
  • phosphate
  • proteins (amphoteric molecules)
78
Q

chemical buffer system component: operational in extracellular component; works by donating or accepting H+

A

bicarbonate

79
Q

chemical buffer system component: most active intracellulary*; accepts and donates these

A

phosphate

80
Q

chemical buffer system component: function as either an acid or a base; works everywhere but is TEMPORARIRY

A

amphoteric molecules (proteins)

81
Q

renal mechanism components (3):

A
  • reabsorbing bicarbonate
  • bicarbonate sysnthesis
  • bicarbonate excretion
82
Q

renal mechanism component: putting bicarbonate back into the bloodstream

A

reabsorbing bicarbonates

83
Q

renal mechanism component: prodcuing NEW bicarbonate in the kidneys when we need it

A

bicarbonate sysnthesis

84
Q

renal mechanism component: kidneys get rid of bicarbonate when we have excess

A

bicarbonate excretion

85
Q

physiological buffer system: respiratory mechanism = increase in pH, _______ in breathing rate

A

DECREASE

86
Q

sodium regulation factor: increases Na+ reabsorption; most ACTIVE in ascending loop of Henle; hormone; stimulated by renin*; can be regulated by ADH

A

aldosterone

87
Q

sodium regulation factor: pressure receptors near the heart; monitor BP

A

cardiovascular baroreceptors

88
Q

cardiovascular baroreceptors (in Na+ reg.): increase in BP leads to _____ _____ acitivty —> afferent arterioles ______ —> filtration _______ —> moving Na+ and water ___ of blood —> _____ BP and blood volume —> afferent arterioles change _____

A
  1. sympathetic nervous activity
  2. dilates
  3. increases
  4. out
  5. decreases
  6. diameter
89
Q

sodium regulation factor: produced by heart when BP is high; stimulated by stretch of heart; vasodilator so it increases filtration (lose water), decreases ADH (aquaporins close), decrease production of renin + aldosterone

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

90
Q

sodium regulation factor: increase in sodium resorption

A

estrogen

91
Q

sodium regulation factor: decrease in sodium resorption

A

progesterone

92
Q

____ and _____ have opposite effects on sodium resorptoin

A

estrogen and progesterone

93
Q

sodium regulation factor: increase sodium resorption; SYNERGIZES with aldosterone

A

glucocorticoids

94
Q

we dont have ______ to moinotr Na+ concentration, so we have ______ to monitor BP

A

chemoreceptors

baroreceptors

95
Q

low BP —> detected by ____ _____ —> secrete ______ —> promotes ______ production in the _______ _____ portion of the adrenal cortex —> Na+ resorption ______ mostly in ascending loop of Henle —> water follows Na+ back into the ________ —> blood volume ______ —> BP ______ —> shuts off everthing

A
  1. JG cells
  2. renin
  3. aldosterone
  4. ZONA GLOMERULOSA portion (minearl glucoriticoids)
  5. increases
  6. bloodstream
  7. increases
  8. increaes
96
Q

aldosterone in what portion of the adrenal cortex?

A

glomerulosa portion

97
Q

aldosterone is a ________

A

mineralcorticoid (maintains salt balance)

A&P II (11 decks)

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