fluid Flashcards
fluid composition of the body changes as we _____
age
we ____ fluid as we age
LOSE (we get saggy)
as body mass (especially MUSCLE mass) increases , fluid composition _____
increases
the more _____ you have, the more fluid you have
muscle
which gender is made of more fluid based on muscle mass AND adipose tissue?
men
the more adipose tissue, the _____ fluid in our body
LESS
fluid compartments (2):
- intracellular
- extracellular
fluid compartment: where MOST of our fluid is (2/3); INSIDE our cells in cytosol
intracellular
how much of our fluid is located inside our cells (intracellular compartment)
2/3
fluid compartment: part we filter all the time; 1/3 of our fluid
extracellular
T/F: we move fluid between intracellular and extracellular compartments all of the time
true
2 parts of the extracellular compartment:
- interstitial space (interstitial fluid)
- inside blood vessels (plasma)
part of extracellular compartment: NOT in circulation
interstitial fluid/space
part of extracellular compartment: IN circulation; plasma
inside blood vessels
fluid composition parts (3):
- water
- nonelectrolytes
- electrolytes
fluid composition part: MAJORITY of fluid composition in the body; important to be biologically active; “universal solvent”
water
fluid composition part: organic molecules (glucose, lipids); do NOT dissociate in water; can accumulate to draw water to it
nonelectrolytes
fluid composition part: greater osmotic power/potential bc they DISSOCIATE in water
electrolytes
electrolytes contribute to what other 3 important factors within the body beside fluid composition?
- resting membrane potential
- muscle contractions
- neurological impulses
the composition of electrolytes varies in different parts of the body; not equally ______
distributed
responsible for the unequal distribution of Na+ and K
sodium-potassium pump
sodium (Na+) is located where?
most OUTSIDE cells
potassium (K) is located where?
mostly INSIDE cells
electrolyte composition: mostly OUTSIDE of our cells; transport of it maintains pH by acting like a buffer; in blood stream
bicarbonate (HCO3)
electrolyte composition: works INSIDE the cells (unlike bicarbonate); regulates pH
phosphate buffer
electrolyte composition: breaks the rules; can’t filter out of the blood; inside blood vessels; not an equal distribution
protein
sodium is within the ____ _____ (aka outside of the cell)
blood plasma
phosphate buffer is within ______ _____
intracellular fluid
factors that affect Fluid Movement (2):
1) hydrostatic pressure
2) osmotic potential
factor that affects fluid movement: fluid moves from hi to low pressure
hydrostatic pressure
factor that affects fluid movement: concentration of ions from two different sides of a cell
osmotic potential
locations of fluid movement (where fluid movement occurs) (2):
- between plasma and interstitial fluid
- between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid
location of fluid movement: out of the blood stream into interstitial space; major factor = hydrostatic pressure (BP)
between plasma and interstitial fluid
location of fluid movement: through a selectively permeable membrane (plasma membrane); major factor = osmotic gradient
between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid
what drives fluid movement between plasma and interstitial fluid?
hydrostatic pressure (BP)
what drives fluid movement between interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid?
osmotic gradients
water intake EQUALS water output
water balance
forms of water intake (2):
- ingestion
- metabolic water
form of water intake: drinking liquids and eating foods (that have moisture)
ingestion
form of water intake: cellular respiration produces water from glucose + oxygen
metabolic water
forms of water output (5):
- vaporization
- perspiration
- elimination
- urination
- vomiting
form of water output: exhalation; losing water in our breath; INSENSIBLE water loss
vaporization
form of water output: sweating; creates moisture on surface of body that evaporates; SENSIBLE water loss
perspiration
form of water output: getting rid of feces (has some water in it)
elimination
form of water output: “micturition;” peeing
urination
form of water output: expelling contents of stomach (has water in it)
vomiting
vaporization is ____ water loss and perspiration is _____ water loss
insensible
sensible
best way to monitor water balance:
checking color of urine
if its dark, you’re already dehydrated
T/F: a change in water intake causes a change in water output
true
regulation mechanisms of water balance (3):
1) increase in plasma osmolality (blood is getting more concentrated) or decrease in blood volume promotes THIRST
2) decrease in extracellular fluid osmolality decreases ADH production (opens aquaporins; reabsorb more water into interstitial space in blood stream)***maybe
3) large decreases in BP increase ADH production
electrolyte intake equals electrolyte output
electrolyte balance
for this class, electrolyte balance is focusing on ______
sodium
forms of electrolyte intake (2):
- ingestion
- metabolic production
form of electrolyte intake: break down nucleic acids
metabolic production
forms of electrolyte output (4):
- perspiration
- elimination
- urination
- vomiting
forms of water output and electrolyte output are the same, except electrolyte output does NOT include ______
vaporization
form of electrolyte output: a BIG deal for electrolyte output (not so much for water)
vomiting
outside of the cell; important in osmotic gradients to move things
sodium
sodium regulation factors (6):
- aldosterone
- cardiovascular-baroreceptors
- atrial natriuretic peptide
- estrogen
- progesterone
- glucocorticoids
need ____ ____ ____ in the body so we can preserve the functions of enzymes
acid-base balance
pH of blood =
7.35 - 7.40
pH of intracellular fluid =
7
sources of hydrogen ions (H+) (2):
- dietary (aka ingestion)
- metabolic
abnormalities of acid-base balance (2):
- acidosis
- alkalosis
pH is too LOW
acidosis
pH is too HIGH
alkalosis
both acid-base abnormalities have what 2 components?
- respiratory mechanism
- metabolic mechanism
respiratory mechanisms of acid-base abnormalities are a function of _____
CO2
acid-base abnormality: allow CO2 to accumulate; caused by SLOWING down our breathing
respiratory acidosis
acid-base abnormality: example includes drinking 17 beers
metabolic acidosis
acid-base abnormality: lose a lot of CO2 due to hyperventilating
respiratory alkalosis
acid-base abnormality: example includes vomiting
metabolic alkalosis
regulators of acid-base balance (3):
- chemical buffer systems
- physiological buffer systems
- renal mechanisms
acid-base balance regulator: buffer temporarily accepts or releases H+
chemical buffer systems
acid-base balance regulator: due to respiratory action, lose CO2; only works with CO2 (unlike chemical buffers); change RATE OF BREATHING to attain or lose CO2; 2x as powerful as other buffers for controlling pH***
physiological buffer systems
acid-base balance regulator: kidneys can promote elimination (everything OTHER than CO2) permanenty to regulate pH
renal mechanisms
chemical buffer system components (3):
- bicarbonate
- phosphate
- proteins (amphoteric molecules)
chemical buffer system component: operational in extracellular component; works by donating or accepting H+
bicarbonate
chemical buffer system component: most active intracellulary*; accepts and donates these
phosphate
chemical buffer system component: function as either an acid or a base; works everywhere but is TEMPORARIRY
amphoteric molecules (proteins)
renal mechanism components (3):
- reabsorbing bicarbonate
- bicarbonate sysnthesis
- bicarbonate excretion
renal mechanism component: putting bicarbonate back into the bloodstream
reabsorbing bicarbonates
renal mechanism component: prodcuing NEW bicarbonate in the kidneys when we need it
bicarbonate sysnthesis
renal mechanism component: kidneys get rid of bicarbonate when we have excess
bicarbonate excretion
physiological buffer system: respiratory mechanism = increase in pH, _______ in breathing rate
DECREASE
sodium regulation factor: increases Na+ reabsorption; most ACTIVE in ascending loop of Henle; hormone; stimulated by renin*; can be regulated by ADH
aldosterone
sodium regulation factor: pressure receptors near the heart; monitor BP
cardiovascular baroreceptors
cardiovascular baroreceptors (in Na+ reg.): increase in BP leads to _____ _____ acitivty —> afferent arterioles ______ —> filtration _______ —> moving Na+ and water ___ of blood —> _____ BP and blood volume —> afferent arterioles change _____
- sympathetic nervous activity
- dilates
- increases
- out
- decreases
- diameter
sodium regulation factor: produced by heart when BP is high; stimulated by stretch of heart; vasodilator so it increases filtration (lose water), decreases ADH (aquaporins close), decrease production of renin + aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide
sodium regulation factor: increase in sodium resorption
estrogen
sodium regulation factor: decrease in sodium resorption
progesterone
____ and _____ have opposite effects on sodium resorptoin
estrogen and progesterone
sodium regulation factor: increase sodium resorption; SYNERGIZES with aldosterone
glucocorticoids
we dont have ______ to moinotr Na+ concentration, so we have ______ to monitor BP
chemoreceptors
baroreceptors
low BP —> detected by ____ _____ —> secrete ______ —> promotes ______ production in the _______ _____ portion of the adrenal cortex —> Na+ resorption ______ mostly in ascending loop of Henle —> water follows Na+ back into the ________ —> blood volume ______ —> BP ______ —> shuts off everthing
- JG cells
- renin
- aldosterone
- ZONA GLOMERULOSA portion (minearl glucoriticoids)
- increases
- bloodstream
- increases
- increaes
aldosterone in what portion of the adrenal cortex?
glomerulosa portion
aldosterone is a ________
mineralcorticoid (maintains salt balance)
