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A&P II > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

blood is contained with _____ ______ at ALL times

A

blood vessels

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2
Q

blood temperature is slightly _____ than body temp by ____ degrees

A

higher; 2 degrees

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3
Q

blood is considered the “conduit of ______ _______” because regulates the body temperature by moving to different places

A

“conduit of heat exchange”

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4
Q

what percentage of your total body mass is blood?

A

8% (5 liters)

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5
Q

only liquid tissue in body

A

blood

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6
Q

why is blood considered a tissue?

A

it is composed of more than one cell with a united function

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7
Q

functions of blood (8):

A
  • delivers oxygen + nutrients + building blocks (aa)
  • transports metabolic wastes
  • transports hormones (thru blood vessels)
  • maintains body temp
  • maintains body pH
  • maintains fluid volume + electrolyte balance
  • prevents blood loss
  • prevents infection
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8
Q

what metabolic wastes does the blood get rid of?

A

bi-products of cellular respiration (CO2 and water) and ammonia

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9
Q

______ is used within the blood to maintain body pH / act as a buffer

A

bicarbonate

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10
Q

how does blood prevent blood loss?

A

clotting

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11
Q

what components of the blood help prevent infection?

A

antibodies, compliment proteins, and WBCs

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12
Q

RBC=

A

erythrocyte

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13
Q

function of erythrocytes

A

transport of respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide – but mainly oxygen)

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14
Q

____% of total blood volume is composed of RBCs

A

45%

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15
Q

are erythrocytes living?

A

no (I mean originally, but not anymore)

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16
Q

WBCs =

A

leukocytes

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17
Q

function of leukocytes

A

immunity

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18
Q

true/false: each type of leukocyte has a different functions related to immunity

A

true

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19
Q

little, cellular fragments; contain vesicles with CLOTTING material

A

platelets

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20
Q

leukocytes + platelets combined make up less than ___% of the total blood volume

A

< 1%

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21
Q

liquid component of blood

A

plasma

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22
Q

blood has both ______ and _____ components

A

cellular and liquid components

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23
Q

test that measures the proportion (or %) of red blood cells in your blood

A

hematocrit test

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24
Q

hematocrit test separates components of blood by _____

A

density

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25
Q

how do you determine proportion or % or RBC in your blood using a hematocrit test?

A

measure length of red line and divide by total length

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26
Q

___% of plasma is water

A

90%

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27
Q

plasma is a DISSOLVING and SUSPENDING medium for solutes of blood like (6):

A
  • proteins (ex: albumin)
  • metabolic waste
  • nonprotein nitrogen substances
  • nutrients (lipids, glucose, amino acids (organic))
  • electrolytes
  • respiratory gases
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28
Q

enzymes and clotting proteins aid plasma in creating a _____ ______ _____

A

carotid osmotic pressure

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29
Q

cells that gave rise to erythrocytes (RBCs) were ________, leaving them with no DNA

A

anucleated

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30
Q

____ cells do not have a nucleus but _____ cells do

A

RBCs do NOT

WBCs do!

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31
Q

erythrocytes are small and have a _____ shape

A

biconcave

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32
Q

erythrocytes contain both _____ and ____ ______

A

hemoglobin and antioxidant enzymes

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33
Q

pigment that gives blood its red colors; always red

A

hemoglobin

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34
Q

aids in the elimination of free radicals in blood

A

antioxidant enzymes (contained in RBCs)

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35
Q

charged oxygen is ____ and considered a ____ _______

A

toxic; free radical

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36
Q

hemoglobin is considered a _____ protein

A

complex

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37
Q

hemoglobin has ____ subunits, each having one _____ ______ and one ____ ____

A

4
polypeptide chain
heme group

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38
Q

regarding the protein globin, a molecule of hemoglobin has ____ total polypeptide chains – two of which are ____ and with the 2 others being ____

A

4 total

  • 2 alphas
  • 2 betas
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39
Q

the four polypeptide chains within the globin portion of hemoglobin gives it a ____ shape

A

4D

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40
Q

each subunit on a hemoglobin molecule has a ____ core

A

heme

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41
Q

heme contains “oxygen-binding” _____

A

iron

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42
Q

each molcule of hemoglobin can bind to ___ oxygen

A

4

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43
Q

how many RBCs are ther ein 1 mL of blood?

A

5 million

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44
Q

how many molecules of hemoglobin per RBC?

A

250 million molecules

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45
Q

how mnay oxygens can 1 RBC carry?

A

carries 1 billion oxygen (astronomical oxygen carrying capacity!)

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46
Q

hemoglobin with oxygen attached

A

“oxihemoglobin”

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47
Q

hemoglobin without oxygen bound to it

A

“deoxyhemoglobin”

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48
Q

true/false: hemoglobin can switch between the oxihemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin states

A

true

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49
Q

the exponential/sigmoidal component of hemoglobin shows that:

A

hemoglobin LOVES to be bound to oxygen and doesnt like to give it up; its likes to stay saturated

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50
Q

hemoglobin that carries CO2; binds to amino acids portion

A

carbaminohemoglobin

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51
Q

carboaminohemoglobin binds to the _____ ____ portion of hemoglobin (*different than oxygen)

A

amino acid (its in its nanme!)

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52
Q

____% of CO2 is carried by hemoglobin; the rest is carried in the ______

A

20% (by hemoglobin)

rest in plasma

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53
Q

process of the production of erythrocytes/RBCs

A

erythropoiesis

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54
Q

process of the production of ALL blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

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55
Q

erythropoiesis is a subtype of ______

A

hematopoiesis

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56
Q

uncomitted cell that gives rise to other cells

A

pleury potent

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57
Q

erythropoiesis process (7)

A

1) hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell
2) myeloid stem cell becomes proerythroblast (committed to becoming only RBC)
3) proerythroblast becomes early erythroblast
4) early erythroblast becomes late erythroblast
5) late erythroblast becomes normoblast (goes thru changes)
6) normoblast loses organelles and nucleus to become reticulocyte (immature RBC)
7) reticulocytes (leave bone marrow and) mature in bloodstream to become erythrocytes (3-5 days)

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58
Q

erythropoiesis: cell that is committed to becoming a RBC

A

proerythrocyte

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59
Q

immature RBC

A

reticulocyte

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60
Q

all blood cells start as a _____

A

hemocytoblast

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61
Q

erythropoiesis: how long does it take for reticulocytes to mature to become erythrocytes (in the bloodstream)

A

3-5 days

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62
Q

how many ounces of blood do we produce per day?

A

1 ounce

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63
Q

blood contains 100 billion cells but the composition differs depending on the ____ of the ______

A

needs of the body `

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64
Q

all blood cells are produced in ___ ___ ___

A

red bone marrow

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65
Q

site of hematopoiesis

A

red bone marrow

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66
Q

what things regulate erythropoiesis (5)?

A
  • erythropoietin
  • testosterone
  • iron
  • B vitamins
  • dietary nutrients
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67
Q

reg. of erythropoiesis: hormone produced by the kidneys; stimulus for bone marrow to start making RBCs; concentration of OXYGEN signals kidneys to produce this hormone when levels are low

A

erythropoietin

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68
Q

concentration of _____ signals kidneys to produce erythropoietin when levels are low

A

oxygen

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69
Q

reg. of erythropoiesis: stimulates kidneys to release erythropoietin

A

testosterone (this is why men have more RBCs bc they have more signals + they don’t lose blood every month)

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70
Q

reg. of erythropoiesis: comes from diet; can’t produce functional RBCs without it

A

iron

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71
Q

iron is stored in cells as _____ and ____ in the liver

A

ferritin and hemosiderin (STORED forms)

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72
Q

iron is transported in blood as ______

A

trasnferrin

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73
Q

stored forms of iron

A

ferritin and hemosiderin

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74
Q

transported form of iron

A

transferrin

75
Q

reg. of erythropoiesis: linked to intrinsic acid; part of prenatal vitamins

A

B vitamins (primary B12 in addition to folic acid)

76
Q

reg. of erythropoiesis: helps make up cellular parts of RBCs (ex: amino acids)

A

dietary nutrients

77
Q

which gender has more RBCS?

A

men (testosterone stimulates erythropoietin and don’t lose blood every month)

78
Q

life span of erythrocytes =

A

100 - 120 days (aka 3-4 months)

79
Q

organ in which all blood gets pumped to and where old RBCs get recycled (primarily)

A

spleen

80
Q

erythrocyte longevity/recycling process (7):

A

in spleen:

1) old erythrocytes get destroyed by macrophages
2) heme is split from globin
3) iron is bound to proteins and stored
4) bilirubin is produced (used as a component of bile)
5) now picked up by the liver and secreted as bile into intestine
6) pigment is degraded and expelled in feces
7) globin borken down into amino acids

81
Q

erythrocyte disorder: too FEW RBCs or malformation of RBCs; causes low oxygen carrying ability of blood

A

anemias

82
Q

specific erythrocyte disorder in which there is a malformation of RBCs

A

sickle cell anemia

83
Q

erythrocyte disorder: too MANY RBCS; causes blood to be thick and “sludgy”; blood can’t carry oxygen properly

A

polycythemia

84
Q

ability of cell to leave circulation and travel to interstitial space

A

diapediesis

85
Q

some ____ can perform diapedesis but ____ can’t

A

WBCs; RBCs

86
Q

complete cell WITH nuclei and organelles (have genetic material)’ display positive chemotaxis; can also perform diapedesis

A

leukocytes (WBCs)

87
Q

leukocytes display ____ chemotaxis

A

positive

88
Q

attraction/repulsion to certain chemicals

A

chemotaxis

89
Q

chemotaxis: ATTRACTED to chemicals

A

postive chemotaxis

90
Q

chemotaxis: REPULSION to chemicals

A

negative chemotaxis

91
Q

regarding chemotaxis, chemicals come from ___ ___ of from our own ___

A

foreign substance + own cells

92
Q

we have ____ - _____ WBCs per mL

A

4.8k - 10.8k

93
Q

test that measures leukocytes and determines if you have an infection and need antibiotics

A

complete blood count (CBC)

94
Q

CBC =

A

complete blood count

95
Q

vesicle; storage structure with enzymes inside usually

A

granule

96
Q

leukocytes that contain granules

A

granulocytes

97
Q

types of granulocytes (WBCs w/ granules - 3):

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
98
Q

type of granulocyte: most ABUNDANT leukocyte in body; 50-70% of WBCS; phagocytic cells with immune type cells

A

neutrophils

99
Q

type of granulocyte: contains 2-lobed nucleus; granules contain enzymes that kill PARASITIC worms; 2-4% of WBCs

A

eosinophils

100
Q

type of granulocyte: granules contain histamine (basodialiated, attracts other WBCs); 0.5-1% of WBCs

A

basophils

101
Q

neutrophils make up ____- ____% of WBCs

A

50-70%

102
Q

eosinophils make up ____- ____% of WBCs

A

2-4%

103
Q

basophils make up ____- ____% of WBCs

A

0.5-1%

104
Q

leukocytes that DONT contain granules

A

agranulocytes

105
Q

types of agranulocytes (2):

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

106
Q

type of agranulocyte: function heavily in immunity; most reside in lymphotic tissue

A

lymphocytes

107
Q

type of agranulocyte: LARGEST of WBCs; U-shaped nucleus (not constricted in the waist); become macrophages at death

A

monocytes

108
Q

2 subsets of lymphocytes

A
  • B lymphocytes

- T lymphocytes

109
Q

subset of lymphocyte: produce antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

110
Q

subset of lymphocytes: attact our own body cells that are abnormal or have a virus

A

T lymphocytes

111
Q

the production of WBCs

A

leukopoiesis

112
Q

in leukopoiesis, hemocytoblasts give rise to ____ ____ cells and _____ ____ cells

A

myeloid stem cells + lymphoid stem cells

113
Q

life span of granulocytes =

A

0.5 - 90 days

114
Q

granulocyte leukopoiesis process (6):

A

1) hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell
2) myeloid stem cells become myelobasts (commit to become WBC)
3) myeloblasts accumulate lysosomes to become promyelocytes
4) promyelocytes differentiate into myelocytes
5) cell dvision stops and nuclei arch to form band cells
6) nuclei constrict and segment to become mature granulocytes

115
Q

life span of MONOCYTE agranulocyte =

A

couple of months

116
Q

MONOCYTE agranulocyte leukopoiesis process (4):

A

1) hemocytoblast produces myeloid stem cell
2) myeloid stem cells become monoblasts (committed to becoming monocyte)
3) monoblasts become promonocytes
4) promonocytes leave bone marrow and become monocytes in lymph tissues

117
Q

LYMPHOCYTE agranulocyte life span =

A

weeks to decades

118
Q

LYMPHOCYTE agranulocyte leukopoiesis process (4)

A

1) hemocytoblast produces lymphoid stem cell
2) lymphoid stem cells become lymphoblasts (committed to become lymphocyte)
3) lymphoblasts become prolymphocytes
4) prolymphocytes leave bne marrow and become lymphocytes in lymph tissue

119
Q

regulation of leukopoiesis: what 2 things promote the production of WBCs?

A
  • interleukins

- colony-stimulating factors

120
Q

regulation of leukopoiesis: infected cells release ______

A

interleukins

121
Q

regulation of leukopoiesis: MAJOR REGULATOR of WBCs; linked to immune function to produce more WBCs

A

colony-stimulating factors

122
Q

leukocyte disorder: cancer of the body’s blood-forming tissues (bone marrow and the lymphatic system); produces abnormal white blood cells

A

leukemia

123
Q

leukocyte disorder: increase in # of granulocytes due to a virus; too many cells clog up the liver

A

infectious mononucleosis

124
Q

leukocyte disorder: low WBC count

A

leukopenia

125
Q

anucleated cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes

A

platelets

126
Q

granules in platelets contains _____ _____ and _____

A

clotting chemicals and proteins

127
Q

process of the productions of platelts

A

thrombopoiesis

128
Q

thrombopoiesis process

A

1) hemocytoblasts give rise to myeloid stems cells
2) myeloid stem cells become megakaryoblasts
3) megakaryoblasts undergo repeated mitosis but NO cytokinesis to form megakaryocytes
4) cytoplasmic extensions of megakaryocyes break off to be platelets

129
Q

a glycoprotein hormone produced by the liver and kidney which regulates the production of platelets

A

thrombopoetin

130
Q

cessation of bleeding process

A

hemostasis

131
Q

hemostasis process (3)

A

1) vascular spasm (blood vessels constrict)
2) platelet plug formation @ site of damage (stacking “sandbags;” begining formation of bloot clot)
3) coagulation (“jell-up;” 13 different clotting proteins are activated)
- –> activation of protein fibers = important event

132
Q

hemostasis: there are ____ different clotting proteins that are activated during coagulation

A

13

133
Q

FIRST step in hemostasis (cessation of bleeding) =

A

VASCULAR SPASM

134
Q

hemostasis: ____ holds everything intact during coagulation

A

fibrin

135
Q

platelet plug formation

A

1) damge to blood vessel exposes underlying collagen fibers (CT)
2) also releases Willebrand factor and thromboxane A2
3) these together cause platelets to collect and adhere at site of damage (where factors are)
3) once attached , thrombin activates pkatelets to breakdown and release chemical contents (clotting factors)

136
Q

the endothelium of blood vessels is made up of ____ ____ _____ tissue

A

simples squamos epithelial

137
Q

platelets stick to ____ but NOT to ______ ______

A

collegen; not intact epithelium

138
Q

platelet plug formation: plasma protein that aids in the collection and ahderence of platelets

A

Willebrand factor

139
Q

platelet plug formation: prostaglandin that’s produced by damaged tissue (epithelial tissue); also aids in the collection and ahderence of platelets

A

thromboxane A2

140
Q

major factor in clotting; converts fibrinogen to fibrin (which, in combination with platelets from the blood, forms a clot); activates platelets to breakdown and release chemical contents/clottinf factors

A

thrombin

141
Q

what is super important to the body when forming blood clots?

A

you need platelets to accumalate ONLY at the site of damage

142
Q

limitations to platelet plug (2):

A
  • intact endothelial cells secrete prostacyclin (PGI2) and heparin
  • vitamin E quinone
143
Q

limitations to platelet plug: co-factor that prevents coagulation

A

Vitamin E quinone

144
Q

vitamins = enzyme _______

A

co-factor

145
Q

limitations to platelet plug: anticoagulant released by intact epithelium; tells platelets not to clot

A

heparin

146
Q

limitations to platelet plug: prostaglandin (different) secreted by intact epithelial cells; tells platelets not to stay

A

PGI2

147
Q

intrinsic pathway to coagulation (platelets ONLY - 7):

A

1) series of rxns in which clotting factors are converted to active forms
2) ultimately aggregated platelets release PF3 (platelet factor 3)
3) PF3 activates other intermeidates leading to activation of factor X (goes from inactive to active)
4) activated X factor complexes with calcium, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator
5) prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
6) thrombin catalyzes polymerization/activation of fibrinogen into fibrin
7) thrombin also activates factor XIII which links fibrin strands together

148
Q

which pathway of coagulation ONLY involves platelets?

A

intrinsic pathway

149
Q

which pathway of coagulation uses chemical factors from damaged cells?

A

extrinisic pathway

150
Q

extrinsic pathway of coagulation gets to _____ ____ faster

A

factor X (10)

151
Q

extrinsic pathway to coagulation (6):

A

1) injured cells release tissue factor
2) tissue factor interacts/combines with PF3 to allow a shortcut to factor X activations (same steps now follow)
3) X factor complexes with calcium, PF3, and factor V to form prothrombin activator
4) prothrombin activator catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
5) thrombin catalyzes polymerization/activation of fibrinogen into fibrin
6) thrombin also activates factor XIII which links fibrin strands together

152
Q

the process whereby activated platelets transduce contractile forces onto the fibrin network of a thrombus, which over time increases clot density and decreases clot size.

A

clot retraction

153
Q

clot retraction process (3):

A

1) platelets contain contractile proteins that cause platelets to contract and squeeze out a serum to compact clot
2) this draws ruptrued edges of vessels closer together
3) PDGF (platelet-derived growth factor) stimulates vessel repair (while simultaneously breaking down the clot) = regeneration

154
Q

the breakdown of fibrin in blood clots

A

fibrinolysis

155
Q

TPA =

A

tissue plasminogen factor

156
Q

TPA activates ____

A

plasmin

157
Q

fibrinolysis process (3) :

A

1) clot accumulates plasminogen
2) plasminogen is activated to plasmin
3) plasmin digests fibrin

158
Q

enzyme that actually digests/breaks down blood clot/fibrin

A

plasmin

159
Q

clotting factors are carried away from site by ____ _____

A

circulating blood

160
Q

clot limiting factor: a plasma protein that inactivates thrombin

A

Antithrombin III

161
Q

clot limiting factor: plasma protein that inhibits intrinsic pathway of events (the intermediate steps); prevents production

A

Protein C

162
Q

clot limiting factor: enhances activity of antirhombin III and inhibits intrinsic pathway events; prevents production of thrombin (dif. intermediate step)

A

heparin

163
Q

hemostasis disorders in which you CLOT too much

A

thromboembolytic disorders

164
Q

blood clot that is retained at site of damage; blocks flow of circulation; attached!

A

thrombus

165
Q

free-floating blood clot; causes blockage; can also cause strokes, heart attactks, etc.

A

embolism

166
Q

2 examples of hemostasis BLEEDING disorders:

A
  • thrombocytopenia

- hemophilia

167
Q

bleeding disorder: insufficient platelets due to pathology (aka infection, cancer); prevents production of platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

168
Q

bleeding disorder: genetic disorder in which you dont produce the proteins that are needed to form a clot

A

hemophilia

169
Q

can thrombocytopenia be fixed?

A

yes

170
Q

can hemophilia be fixed?

A

SOME therapies can work

171
Q

Human blood types are differentiated by cell surface markers called ________, specifically ______ and ______

A

agglutinogens, specially ABO and Rh (D)

172
Q

blood type: you will produce _______ for anything that you DONT have

A

agglutinins

173
Q

true/false: if you have O- blood, you have all the antibodies including D

A

true

174
Q

if you have B+ blood, what agglutinins (attackers) will you produce?

A

just A

175
Q

if you HAVE Rh Factor (D), your blood type will be ______

A

positive

176
Q

if you DONT have Rh Factor (D), your blood type will be ______

A

negative

177
Q

universal donor blood type

A

O blood

178
Q

universal receiver (no attackers) blood type

A

AB+

179
Q

attackers in blood (like antibodies) that you produce if you don’t have that blood type

A

agglutinins

180
Q

hemolytic death of baby

A

erythroblastosis fetalis

181
Q

what blood types from parents make erythroblastosis fetalis a risk?

A

Rh- mother and Rh+ father (baby could be Rh+ and mix blood with mother)

182
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis: if the mother is Rh- and her baby is Rh+, she will start producing ____ antibodies/agglutinins, causing their blood to clot and result in a “blue baby”

A

Rh+

183
Q

erythroblastosis fetalis: injection that suppresses production of Rh+ attackers in mother if her baby is Rh+

A

rhogam

A&P II (11 decks)

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