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A&P II > digestion 2 > Flashcards

digestion 2 Flashcards

1
Q

process of breaking things into molecules

A

chemical digestion

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2
Q

every bond broken of a polymer requires one molecule of water; rxn breaking things DOWN

A

hydrolysis

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3
Q

forms of carbohydrates (3):

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides (oligosaccharides)
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4
Q

monosaccharides (3):

A
  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
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5
Q

disaccharides (3):

A
  • sucrose
  • lactose
  • maltose
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6
Q

polysaccharides (3):

A
  • glycogen
  • starch
  • cellulose
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7
Q

can you absorb disaccharides?

A

no

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8
Q

which polysaccharide starts digesting in the mouth?

A

starch

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9
Q

what form of carbohydrates can absorb?

A

monosaccharides

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10
Q

what do we use monosaccharides for after we absorb them (2)?

A
  • energy

- building blocks

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11
Q

specific type of polysaccharide

A

oligosaccharides

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12
Q

location and substrate of: salivary amylase

A

mouth (salivary gland)

starch

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13
Q

location and substrate of: pancreatic amylase

A 
small intestine (pancreas)
starch
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14
Q

location and substrate of: dextrine

A 
small intestine (brush border) 
oligosaccharides
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15
Q

location and substrate of: glucoamylase

A 
small intestine (brush border)
oligosaccharides
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16
Q

location and substrate of: maltase

A 
small intestine (brush border)
maltose
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17
Q

location and substrate of: sucrase

A 
small intestine (brush border)
sucrose
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18
Q

location and substrate of: lactase

A 
small intestine (brush border)
lactose
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19
Q

where does protein digestion start?

A

stomach

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20
Q

protein digestion is _____ and _____

A

dieatary and intrinsic

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21
Q

intrinsic components of protein digestion (2):

A
  • enzymes

- mucosal cells

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22
Q

intrinsic component of protein digestion: forms of protein themselves; breaks down polypeptide chains into amino acids; produced in INACTIVE FORM FIRST

A

enzymes

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23
Q

enzymes that digest PROTEIN (7):

**products become substrate of next enzyme

A

1) pepsin
2) rennin
3) trypsin
4) chymotrypsin
5) carboxypeptidase
6) aminopeptidase
7) dipeptidase

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24
Q

where is pepsin produced?

A

chief cells (in stomach)

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25
Q

where is rennin produced?

A

in babies

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26
Q

where is trypsin produced?

A

pancreas

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27
Q

where is chymotrypsin produced?

A

pancreas

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28
Q

where is carboxypeptidase produced?

A

pancreas/brush border of small intestine

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29
Q

where is amino peptidase produced?

A

brush border of small intestine

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30
Q

where is dipeptidase produced?

A

brush border of small intestine

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31
Q

2 protein enzymes that take single amino acids off the end of the polypeptide chain

A

carboxypeptidase + aminopeptidase

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32
Q

enzyme that babies produced that help them break down proteins (casein and whey) in milk; slowly diminishes with age

A

rennin

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33
Q

what does lipase break down?

A

lipids

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34
Q

where does the digestion of lipids both START and STOP?

A

small intestine

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35
Q

where is lipase produced in its ACTIVE FORM?

A

pancreas

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36
Q

why is lipase produced in its active form by the pancreas?

A

increases its efficiency with the presence of bile (emulsifies fat)

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37
Q

lipase breaks down lipids into _____ _____ and _____, which are absorbed in the small intestine

A

fatty acids + glycerol

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38
Q

long chains of nucleotides so that we can make our own; replicated in mitosis

A

DNA and RNA

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39
Q

nucleic acid enzymes (3):

**products become substrate of next enzyme

A
  • pancreatic nuclease
  • nucelosidase
  • phosphatase
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40
Q

where is pancreatic nuclease produced?

A

pancreas

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41
Q

where is nucleosidase produced?

A

brush border of small intestine

42
Q

where is phosphatase produced?

A

brush border of small intestine

43
Q

types of absorption processes (2):

A
  • active transport

- simple diffusion (passive transport)

44
Q

active transport absorption process:

A

active transport into villi capillaries and delivered to liver via endocytosis (usually use a vesicle)

45
Q

simple diffusion absorption process:

A

simple diffusion into villi lacteals and delivered to blood by lymph

46
Q

if molecules are fat soluble in the simple diffusion absorption process, it goes into ______ and THEN ______

A

lymph —> lacteals

47
Q

simple diffusion absorption process is aided by _______

A

micelles (surround lipids)

48
Q

all aborption occurs prior to the ______

A

ilium (aka it occurs in duodenum and jejunum; ileum just absorbs bile salts)

49
Q

nutrients are substances used by the body for (3):

A
  • energy
  • growth
  • repari
50
Q

____% of the food we eat is water

A

60%

51
Q

types of nutrients (6):

A
  • water
  • carbohydrates
  • lipids
  • proteins
  • vitamins
  • minerals
52
Q

type of nutrient: major nutrient; mostly from plants

A

carbohydrates (glucose)

53
Q

type of nutrient: major nutrient; mainly from triglycerides; from plants (unsaturated) or animals (saturated)

A

lipids

54
Q

effect of unsaturated fats from plants on body =

A

neutral effect OR decrease cholesterol

55
Q

effect of saturated fats from animals on body =

A

increase cholesterol

56
Q

types of nutrient: from plants or animals; can only get ALL essential monomers from animals

A

proteins

57
Q

we can only get ALL essential amino acids from ______

A

animals

58
Q

animal = _____ protein

A

complete

59
Q

plan = ______ protein

A

incomplete

60
Q

types of nutrient: co-enzymes for enzymes in our body; needed to metabolize/get nutritional value from everything else

A

vitamins

61
Q

what happens if we have excess WATER-SOLUBLE vitamins?

A

eliminate in our pee

62
Q

what happens if we have excess FAT-SOLUBLE vitamins?

A

accumulate in bile = toxic!

63
Q

type of nutrient: available in food; calcium + phosphorus are the MOST important (make up salt that builds up bone)

A

minerals

64
Q

2 most important minerals that make up the salt that builds up bone

A

calcium + phosphorus

65
Q

the _____ has the ability to convert one macronutrient to another

A

liver

66
Q

biochemical process of conversion of macromolecules (big little)

A

metabolism

67
Q

two types of metabolism:

A
  • anabolism

- catabolism

68
Q

type of metabolism: small —-> BIG; build up

A

anabolism

69
Q

type of metabolism: BIG —-> small; break down

A

catabolism (my cat breaks down everything)

70
Q

overview process of metabolism (3):

A

1) chemical digestion (CATABOLIC) and transport of products to cells
2) anabolism of lipids, proteins, and glycogen OR catabolism of pyruvic acid and acetyl-CoA
3) cellular respiration in mitochondria (prod. ATP; conversion of energy)

71
Q

redox enzymes (3):

A
  • dehydrogenases
  • oxidases
  • coenzymes
72
Q

type of redox enzyme: catalyzes oxidation

A

dehydrogenases

73
Q

type of redox enzyme: catalyze transfer of oxygen

A

oxidases

74
Q

type of redox enzyme: hydrogen (H+) ACCEPTORS; NAD and FADH

A

coenzymes

75
Q

REMOVAL of hydrogen (H+) or oxygen is added; lose energy

A

oxidation

76
Q

ADDITION of hydrogen (H+) to something; add energy

A

reduction

77
Q

during oxidation, you _____ energy

A

lose

78
Q

during reduction, you ____ energy

A

add

79
Q

oxidation and reduction rxns are _____ together

A

paired

80
Q

if we do not use subunits of food immediately for energy or for building blocks, what happens to it?

A

put into storage

81
Q

type of ATP synthesis: direct transfer of phosphate form something else; ADP –> ATP; “direct phosphorylation”

A

substrate-level phosphorylation

82
Q

types of ATP synthesis (2):

A
  • substrate-level phosphorylation

- oxidative phosphorylation

83
Q

human body is designed around use of _____ for energy

A

glucose

84
Q

type of ATP synthesis: reduced co-enzymes go through the electron transport chain to form a chemiosmatic gradient; gradient made out of ions (H+); a LOT more energy is produced

A

oxidative phosphorylation

85
Q

carbohydrate metabolism (4):

A

1) glucose enters cells by facilitated diffusion (out of blood into cells; “glucose uptake”)
2) gluocse immediately phosphorylated to glucose-6-phoshpate (***maintains graident of the influx of glucose)
3) glycolysis continues and results in formation of 2 molecule of pyruvic acid, 2 molecules of NADH and a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP
4) if oxygen is present, oxidative phosphorylation occurs (each pyruvate can enter into this)

– then enters krebbs cycle + ETC

86
Q

if no oxygen is present during carb. metabolism, pyruvate is turned into _____ _____

A

lactic acid

87
Q

accumulation of lactic acid can change ____ and _____ _____ (shuts off processes)

A

pH

denature enzymes

88
Q

carbohydrate metabolism is actually ____ steps and requires

A

10 steps

enzymes

89
Q

for oxidative phosphorylation to occur, what has to be present?

A

oxygen

90
Q

oxidative phosphorylation process (

A

1) pyruvic acid converted to acetyl-CoA in mitochondria – generates CO2 + NADH
2) acetyl-CoA enters Krebs Cycle – generates 2 CO2, 2 NADH, 1 ATP, and 1 FADH
3) reduced Kreb’s cycle coenzymes eneter ETC
4) hydrogens used to phosphorylate ADP – generates water + 34 ATP

91
Q

excess glucose process (3):

A

1) high ATP levels stop glycolysis (no more ATP)
2) glucose converted to glycogen = glycogenesis
3) glycogen stored until energy needed

92
Q

production of glycogen from glucose; reversible rxn

A

glycogenesis

93
Q

where is glycogen stored (2):

A
  • skeletal muscle

- liver (polymineralization)

94
Q

drop in blood glucose stimulates ________

A

glycogenolysis

95
Q

insufficient glucose availability prompts conversion of glycerol + amino acids to glucose; occurs in LIVER

A

gluconeogensis

96
Q

lipid metabolism (

A

1) absorbed lipids broken down by plasma enzymes into glycerol + fatty acids
2) glycerol converted to glyceraldehyde phosphate
- glyceraldehyde phosphate converted to pyruvic acid in glycolysis
- then enters Kreb’s cyce (if oxygen is present)
3) fatty acids broken down into acetic acid in mitochondria
- acetic acid fused with CoA to form acetyl-CoA
- also enters Kreb’s

97
Q

fat produces ___ times more ATP compared to glucose

A

10x

98
Q

excess lipids process (2):

A

1) high ATP and glucose levels tirgger conversion of glycerol and fatty acids into triglycerieds for storage
2) lipolysis reverses process

99
Q

protein metabolism (2)

A

1) amino acids deaminated (take amine group off — remove ammonia)
2) deaminated molecules converted to pyruvic acid or into Kreb’s intermediates

100
Q

order of macromolecules used for energy:

A
  • carbs
  • lipids
  • proteins (last resort)
101
Q

excess protein process (2):

A

1) high ATP levels cause pyruvic acid formed through deamination to be converted to glucose (goes thru glycogenesis to form glycogen)
2) hormones control protein synthesis ON ribosomes

A&P II (11 decks)

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