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A&P II > heart physiology > Flashcards

heart physiology Flashcards

1
Q

non-contractile cells within contractile cells within the heart; leaky; spread signal; cell generates action potential aka “pace-maker potentials”

A

autorhythmic cells

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2
Q

conduction situated within the heart; autorhythmic cells have UNSTABLE resting membrane potentials

A

intrinsic conduction

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3
Q

intrinsic condition: only _____ cells are regulated, not nervous impulses

A

heart

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4
Q

intrinsic condition: the heart _______ all on its own to contract

A

depolarizes

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5
Q

true/false: no nervous impulses are needed for the heart to beat

A

true! (intrinsic conduction)

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6
Q

autorhythmic cells can change the _____ of heart beats with nervous impulses

A

rate

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7
Q

autorhythmic cell locations / order (5):

A

1) sinoatrial node
2) AV node
3) bundle of His
4) bundle branches
5) purkinje fibers

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8
Q

autorhythmic cell location: pacemaker of the heart; MAIN controller of the heart; top right portion of heart, right beneath the coronary sinus

A

sinoatrial node

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9
Q

autorhythmic cell location: top of ventricular septum

A

AV node

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10
Q

autorhythmic cell location: splits into left and right of heart; lot of personal variability in split

A

bundle of His

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11
Q

autorhythmic cell location: bundle of His splits into _____ ______

A

bundle branches

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12
Q

autorhythmic cell location: takes electrical impulses and sends them to muscle cells; in PAPILLARY MUSCLES

A

purkinje fibers

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13
Q

receive signals to contract BEFORE the rest of the heart

A

papillary muscles

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14
Q

slows or speeds the heart up WITH nervous connection; conduction originating outside the heart

A

extrinsic innervation

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15
Q

extrinsic innervation involves 2 clusters of neurons in the MEDULLA known as:

A
  • cardioaccelerator

- cardoinhibitory center

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16
Q

extrinsic innervation: SYMPATHETIC nerve fibers use NE as neurotransmitter; cause arrythmic cells to INCREASE heart rate

A

cardioaccelerator

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17
Q

cardioaccelerator uses _____ to increase heart rate

A

norepinephrine

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18
Q

extrinsic innervation: PARASYMPATHETIC nerve fibers use acetlycholine; hyperpolarize to DECREASE heart rate

A

cardioinhibitory center

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19
Q

cardioinhibitory center uses ______ to decrease heart rate

A

acetylcholine

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20
Q

ECG =

A

electrocardiogram

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21
Q

graphic recording of electrical events of the herat; diagnostic tool used to detect the electrical signals within your heart

A

ECG

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22
Q

deflection waves (3):

A
  • P
  • QRS
  • T
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23
Q

deflection wave: represents waves of depolarization of atria

A

P wave

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24
Q

deflection wave: represents the deplorization of ventricles + repolarization of atria (but is not represented)

A

QRS wave

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25
Q

what is not represented in the QRS wave?

A

repolarization of atria

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26
Q

deflection wave: represents the repolarization of the ventricles

A

T wave

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27
Q

what does the PR interval represent?

A

movement between the atria

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28
Q

heart sounds occur due to the _____ of valvles (or lack of)

A

closing

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29
Q

first heart sound AND what causes it =

A

“lub”

closing of AV valvles

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30
Q

second heart sound AND what causes it

A

“dup”

closing of semilunar valves

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31
Q

abnormal heart sound; can be beneign or are caused by the malfunctional of heart valves

A

heart murmurs

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32
Q

systole and diastole of both atria PLUS systole and diastole of both ventricles

A

cardiac cycle

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33
Q

phase of contraction

A

systole

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34
Q

phase of relaxation

A

diastole

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35
Q

contraction changes _____ in the heart chambers

A

pressure

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36
Q

heart wall in the ____ side is much thicker

A

left

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37
Q

blood pressure of pulmonary arteries (right)

A

24/8

38
Q

blood pressure of aorta (left)

A

120/80

39
Q

why do the pulmonary arteries (right side) have a much lower blood pressure (3)?

A

1) wont damage tissue
2) efficient for gas exchange
3) shorter distance (only going to the lungs)

40
Q

blood that leaves the heart each minute; produce of stroke volume x heart rate

A

cardiac output (CO)

41
Q

amount of blood leaving heart per beat

A

stroke volume

42
Q

beats per minute

A

heart rate

43
Q

cardiac output =

A

stroke volume x heart rate

44
Q

average stroke volume (for my age)

A

70 mL/beat

45
Q

average heart rate (for my age)

A

75 bpm

46
Q

average cardiac output (for my age)

A

5250 mL/min (or 5.250 Liters)

47
Q

difference between max cardiac output (CO) and normal/minimum CO

A

cardiac reserve

48
Q

max CO =

A

20-25 mL/min (can’t sustain for long)

49
Q

difference bertween amount of blood in ventricles before and after systole

A

stroke volume

50
Q

how do you calculate stroke volume?

A

(end diastolic volume) - (end systolic volume)

51
Q

amount of blood in ventricles at rest / before they start to contract

A

end diastolic volume

52
Q

amount of blood left behind after contraction

A

end systolic volume

53
Q

factors that affect stroke volume (3):

A
  • stretch of cardiac muscle
  • increase of contraction strength not due to stretch
  • arterial pressure
54
Q

factor affecting stroke volume: “pre-load”; if ventricles get stretched by more blood (greater preload), the greater the contraction; Starling Law of the heart

A

stretch of cardiac muscle

55
Q

what law says that the greater the preload in the ventricles, the greater the constraction?

A

Starling Law of Cardiac Muscle

56
Q

increase in contraction/force NOT due to stretch is caused by _______ which moves more ______

A

norepinephrine

moves calcium

57
Q

factor that affect stroke volume: “afterload;” when pressure of blood in arteries does not differ much with ventricles so force is DECREASED

A

arterial pressure

58
Q

factors that affect heart rate (10):

A
  • parasympathetic nervous activation
  • sympathetic nervous activation
  • adrenal medulla produciton of NE
  • thyroxine
  • BP changes
  • ionic balances
  • age
  • sex
  • exercise
  • temperature
59
Q

factor affecting HR: uses acetlycholine; causes hyperpolarization of SA node; makes it harder to create a pacemaker potential

A

parasympthatetic nervous activation

60
Q

factor affecting HR: uses norepinephrine; increases conractibility; deplizarizes faster; HR increases quickly!!

A

sympathetic nervous system

61
Q

factor affecting HR: increases heart rate (slower but lasts longer); uses norepinephrine

A

adrenal medulla (and its production of NE)

62
Q

factor affecting HR: produced by thyroid gland (T3 + T4); increase in HR is slower, but stays increased longer; increases demand for oxygen

A

thyroxine

63
Q

factor affecting HR: uses baroreceptors which detect increase in heart BP and causes heart rate to also increase

A

BP changes

64
Q

factor affecting HR: can increae or decrease HR depending on ions

A

ionic balances

65
Q

factor affecting HR: heart rate decreases as time goes on

A

age

66
Q

factor affecting HR: women have higher heart rates than men

A

sex

67
Q

factor affecting HR: heart rate is increased as this is occurring, but overtime is lowered

A

exercise

68
Q

factor affecting HR: if you have a fever, youre heart rate is increased

A

temperature

69
Q

detect BP changes

A

baroreceptors

70
Q

reduction in rate of contraction due to stimulation of vagus nerve; decreases HR; allows us to increase our HR during survival mode

A

vagal tone

71
Q

our heart WANTS to beat at _____ bpm but our vagal tone slows it down

A

100 bpm

72
Q

vagal tone: _______ impules from medualla causes heart rate to decrease

A

parasympathetic

73
Q

abnormally high resting HR ( > 100 bpm)

A

tachycardia

74
Q

abnormally low resting HR ( < 60 bpm for age group UNLESS you’re fit)

A

bradycardia

75
Q

dangerously low cardiac output

A

congestive heart failure

76
Q

blockages within coronary arteies; reduces diameter of blood vessles; caues less energy and contractive forces; cholesterol among other things can cause this

A

coronary atherosclerosis

77
Q

reduce “rejection fraction;” less cardaic output; involes DIASTOLIC # (if over 90, you have this)

A

high blood pressure

78
Q

heart attack; blood suppky is reduced; heart loses its funcition

A

myocardial infarction

79
Q

walls of heart chambers are stretched and flabby (usually ventricles) due to valve failure ususally

A

dilated cardiomyopathy

80
Q

the heart was derived the _____ layer

A

mesoderm (middle, typical for muscles)

81
Q

heart development process (4):

A

1) originates as two separate endothelial tubes
2) tubes fuse into single chambered “heart” by day 23 (3 weeks post-conception)
3) early chambers formed by day 25
4) D-looping and structural changes divide heart into separate chambers and change orientation by day 46

82
Q

heart development: by what day doe the separate tubes fuse into a single chambered “heart”

A

day 23

83
Q

heart development: by what day are actual chambers formed?

A

day 25 or 3 weeks post-conception

84
Q

heart development: by what day does the heart loop and turn up-side down, and is now in the correct position for birth?

A

day 46

85
Q

up until birth, the atrium are connected via a hole called the ____ _____, which closes up at birth

A

foramen ovale

86
Q

connection of two atria through interatrial septum

A

foramen ovale

87
Q

connection/hole between pulmonary trunk and aorta; becomes ligamentum arteriosum (seals shut); decreases amount of blood going to the lungs***

A

ductus arteriosus

88
Q

the ductus arteriosus becomes the ______ ______ and seals shut

A

ligamentum arteriosum

89
Q

age-related change of heart: natural; rafi/flaps of heart valves accumulate deposit (lipids or calcium), so they dont close as well and cause leaks; decreases cardiac output (CO)

A

valve schlerosis

90
Q

age-related change of heart: due to sedementary lifestyle as you age; goes below the average 20-25 L

A

decreased cardiac reserve

91
Q

age-related change of heart: the conversion of contractible tissue to non-contractible tissue because you aren’t using your heart as much; almost like a heart attack bc heart loses function

A

fibrosis of myocardium

92
Q

age-related change of heart: thickening or hardening of the arteries caused by a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery; build-up causes oxygen not to get through

A

atherosclerosis

A&P II (11 decks)

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