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A&P II > blood vessels > Flashcards

blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

every human has _______ miles of blood vessels

A

60,000

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2
Q

true/false: you can see most blood vessels

A

false (most are microscopic)

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3
Q

type of vessel: closest to the heart; carry blood AWAY from the heart

A

artery

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4
Q

2 types of arteries:

A
  • elastic

- muscular

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5
Q

type of artery with the largest diameter and less resistance, walls have elastic CT which enables it to bounce back and continue to push the pressure

A

elastic artery

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6
Q

type of vessel: littel arteries

A

arterioles

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7
Q

type of vessel: site of gas and nutrient exchange

A

capillaries

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8
Q

type of vessel: little veins; bring blood back now

A

venules

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9
Q

type of vessel: furthest from the heart; bring blood back to the hearty

A

veins

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10
Q

as you move away from the heart, what trends occur in blood vessels (2)?

A
  • diameter decreases

- less elastin, more muscle fibers

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11
Q

arteries have more ____ _____ than veins

A

smooth muscle

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12
Q

sympathetic nervous system uses ______ to stimulate smooth mucle contraction and ultimately VASOCONSTRICTION

A

norepinephrine

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13
Q

you can change the diameter of blood vessels (and where blood goes) _____ and ______

A

chemically and neurally

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14
Q

endocardium layer of blood vessels is made out of ____ _____ _____ tissue

A

simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

layers of blood vessels (4):

A
  • tunica interna
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa
  • lumen
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16
Q

layer of blood vessel: superifical layer; lines the lumen; made of simple squamous epithelium tissue; connected so its a smooth, flat surface

A

tunica interna

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17
Q

tunica interna becomes _____ so it is still made out of simple squamous epithelium

A

endocardium

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18
Q

layer of blood vessel: middle layer; smooth muscle

A

tunica media

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19
Q

tunica media is made out of _____ _____ tissue

A

smooth muscle

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20
Q

layer of blood vessel: outer layer; lots of collagen; ANCHORS blood vessels in place

A

tunica externa

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21
Q

blood vessels in the walls of very thick-walled blood vessles; in tunica externa

A

vasa vasorum

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22
Q

tunica externa has lots of _____

A

collagen

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23
Q

layer of blood vessel: most “deep;” space within blood vessels

A

lumen

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24
Q

capillaries only have _____ ____ layer for exchange purposes, while all other blood vessles have all of the layers

A

tunica interna

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25
Q

microscopic blood vessels; cells have to go through single file; makes exhange more efficient; only have tunica interna

A

capillaries

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26
Q

extra cells that stablize capillaries

A

pericytes

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27
Q

type of capillary: MOST COMMON; contains endothelial cell junctions and pinocytic vessels

A

continuous capillaries

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28
Q

continous capillaries are tightly packed except for spaces for fluid exchange called ____ _____ _____

A

endothelial cell junction

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29
Q

vessicles that transport liquids; continuous capillaries use these

A

pinocytic vessicles

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30
Q

types of capillaries (3):

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • sinuosoidal
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31
Q

type of capillary: have holes; much more permeable; greater rate of exchange; don’t allow BIG things to pass; found in areas where filtration and absorption occur

A

fenestrated capillaries

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32
Q

what are the holes within fenestrated capillaries called?

A

fenestrations

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33
Q

examples where fenestrated capillaries are found (3):

A
  • endocrine organs
  • capillaries in intestines (absorption)
  • capillaries in kidneys (filtration)
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34
Q

type of capillary: have BIGGER holes; allow proteins and cells to pass

A

sinusoidal cappilaries

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35
Q

what are the holes within sinusoidal capillaries called?

A

sinuciods

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36
Q

examples of where sinusoidal capillaries are found (3):

A
  • spleen
  • liver
  • bone marrow
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37
Q

capillary bed: arteriole that FIRST delivers blood to met arteriole

A

terminal arteriole

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38
Q

capillary bed: short-cut

A

vascular shunt

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39
Q

capillary bed: first half of short-cut

A

metarteriole

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40
Q

capillary bed: second half of short-cut

A

thoroughfare channel

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41
Q

______ + _____ ___ make up the vascular shunt (short-cut) in the capillary bed

A

metarteriole + thoroughfare channel

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42
Q

capillary bed: rest of capillaries (other than the short-cut)

A

true cappilaries

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43
Q

capillary bed: regulatory mechanism that opens and closes capillaries; only specific capillaries; regulates amount of blood that passes AND where it goes

A

precapillary sphincters

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44
Q

capillaries are known as “________ _______”

A

“microcirculation controllers”

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45
Q

most of our blood at any given second is in our _____

A

veins

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46
Q

____% of our blood is in our veins at any given second

A

65%

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47
Q

artery or vein? : thick walls

A

artery

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48
Q

artery or vein? : small lumen

A

artery

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49
Q

artery or vein? : thicker tunica media

A

artery

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50
Q

artery or vein? : lower blood volume

A

artery

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51
Q

artery or vein? : higher blood pressure

A

artery

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52
Q

artery or vein? : no valves

A

artery

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53
Q

artery or vein? : thin walls

A

veins

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54
Q

artery or vein? : large lumen

A

vein

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55
Q

artery or vein? : thinner tunica media

A

vein

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56
Q

artery or vein? : higher blood volume

A

vein

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57
Q

artery or vein? : lower blood pressure

A

vein

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58
Q

blood pressure is lowest in ____ _____

A

large veins

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59
Q

artery or vein? : venous valves

A

vein

60
Q

valves that assist in the flow blood back to the heart

A

venous valves

61
Q

people who stand a lot get ____ _____

A

varicose veins

62
Q

additional modifications that aid in blood flow include (2):

A
  • muscular pump

- respiratory pump

63
Q

additional modification: contraction of skeletal muscle to aid blood flow back to the heart under LOW blood pressure

A

muscular pump

64
Q

additional modification: aid in return of blood back to the heart due to the thoracic changes in chest (pressure changes)

A

respiratory pump

65
Q

our chest _____ in low pressure

A

expands

66
Q

collateral channels form a _______ (merging of blood vessels)

A

estimosis

67
Q

volume of blood that flows through the body at any given time; relatively constant but changes WHERE it goes (ex: after dinner – abdominal organs; a tiger is lose – muscles)

A

blood flow

68
Q

blood flow is directional proportionate to differences in blood ______

A

pressure

69
Q

increase the difference in blood pressure, the _____ the blood flow

A

greater

70
Q

blood flow is inversely proportional to _____ ______

A

peripheral resistance

71
Q

opposition of blood flow due to friction

A

peripheral resistance

72
Q

peripheral resistance: the smaller the blood vessel, the more _____

A

friction

73
Q

type of peripheral resistance: thickness of blood; doesnt change in an instant; could have an effect but NOT a major regulator

A

blood viscosity

74
Q

type of peripheral resistance: longer the BV, the more resistance, the slower the flow; NOT changed in an instant

A

vessel length

75
Q

the _______ the BV, the more resistance, the slower the flow

A

longer

76
Q

type of peripheral resistance: regulator mechanism in bodies; we can change this***

A

vessel diameter

77
Q

the bigger the diameter = the ________ resistance and ____ flow

A

less resistance

greater flow

78
Q

the smaller the diameter = the ______ resistance and _____ flow

A

more resitance

less flow

79
Q

BP _____ as you move away from the heart

A

decreases

80
Q

BP is highest in ____

A

arteries

81
Q

BP is lowest in _____ _____

A

large veins

82
Q

steepest drop in blood pressure occurs in the _______

A

arterieoles

83
Q

why does the steepest drop in BP occur in the arterioles?

A
  • super small diameter creates GREATER resistance

- good for exchange; slow for diffusion

84
Q

difference between diastolic and systolic pressure; disappears as you travel away from heart

A

pulse pressure

85
Q

“driving force” that determines where blood goes; pressure that propels blood to tissues

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

86
Q

MAP (equation) =

A

diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure / 3)

87
Q

counteracting brief fluctuations of BP (2):

A
  • alter blood distribution to respond to needs (amount of blood)
  • alter vessel diameter (vasoconstriction and vasodilatation)
88
Q

a portion of the medulla oblongata; SYMPATHETIC nerve fibers; uses NE to cause muscle to constrict and for VASOCONSTRICTION to occur

A

vasomotor center

89
Q

vessel diamter is activiely regulated by ______ ______, sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate the bessel’s smooth muscle layer

A

vasomotor fibers

90
Q

vasomotor fibers release _____, a powerful vasoconstrictor

A

norepinephrine

91
Q

blood vessel diamter is also reulated by blood-borne _______

A

vasocontrictors

92
Q

how do you calculate pulse pressure?

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

93
Q

average diastolic pressure

A

80

94
Q

average pulse pressure

A

40

95
Q

everage MAP

A

93 (below average)

96
Q

blood goes from _____ MAP to _____ MAP

A

hi MAP —> low MAP

97
Q

more blood goes to a _____ difference in MAP

A

larger

98
Q

true/false: there is temendous integration of regulators; theres a lot of things that function together to regulate blood

A

true

99
Q

there are many ____-term regulators of blood pressure, but only ONE ____-term regulator of BP

A

many short-term

ONE long-term

100
Q

vasoconstriction occurs in what 2 ways:

A
  • nerve impulses

- hormones

101
Q

when vasoconstriction occurs: BP _____

A

increases

102
Q

when vasodilation occurs: BP _____

A

decreases

103
Q

how does vasoconstriction or vasodilation occur?

A

smooth muscle (in tunica media) is stimulated to either contract or relax

104
Q

constant neural impulses that cause blood vessels to be PARTIALLY constricted to allow them to be able to dilate – greater control!

A

vasomotor tone

105
Q

in the body, their are sensory receptors for _____ AND _____ in order to control BP in a short-term fashion

A

pressure AND chemicals

106
Q

sensory receptors for pressure

A

baroreceptors (neural reflex arc)

107
Q

sensory receptors for chemicals

A

chemoreceptors (chemical reflex arc)

108
Q

neural reflex process (4)

A

1) baroreceptors detect change in BP (ex: detect high BP)
2) vasomotor center inhibited
3) peripheral resistance reduced = vasodilation
4) pressure reduced

109
Q

side effects of neural arc when BP is high and then is lowered (5):

A

1) venous return is reduced (amount of blood going back to the heart is reduced)
2) cardiac output is reduced
3) heart rate is reduced
4) contractile force is reduced (bc of less stretch)
5) MAP declines

110
Q

true/false: the body is self-correcting whenever BP is very high or very low

A

true

111
Q

RESULTS of side effects of neural arc when it corrects hi BP and results in low BP (3):

A
  • reduced MAP initiates vasoconstriction
  • increases cardiac output
  • BP rises
112
Q

chemical reflex arc process (

A

1) chemoreceptors detect drop in:
- drop in oxygen
- pH change
- increase in CO2
2) cardioacceleratory center is stimulate + HR increases
3) vasomotor center stimulated
4) BP increases

113
Q

what can chemoreceptors detect in the blood (3)?

A
  • oxygen concentrations
  • pH
  • CO2 concentrations
114
Q

chemoreceptors detect changes in the ______ of certain molecules or pH

A

concentration

115
Q

true/false: we have the same chemoreceptors for monitoring different things in our blood

A

false! (we have different ones for different things)

116
Q

chemical reflex arcs cause a ______ event

A

autoregulatory

117
Q

when excess CO2 is in the blood, pH ______

A

decreases

118
Q

when a lot of CO2 LEAVES the blood, pH _____

A

increases

119
Q

other chemical controls (other than oxygen, CO2, and pH)

A

norepinephrine and epinephrine

120
Q

epinephrine comes from the _____ ______ and NE is mostly _____

A

adrenal medulla

neural

121
Q

vasoconstriction or dilation occur due to certain _______

A

stressors (aka neural or hormonal)

122
Q

other chemical controls of BP: chemical secreted by the heart when systolic BP is high and atrial is stretched

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

123
Q

ANP =

A

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide

124
Q

effects of ANP (2):

A

increased glomerular filtration + increased renal excretion/urinary output

125
Q

other chemical control of BP: produced by posterior pituitary gland; affects actions of the kidneys; decreases blood volume through greater reabsorption in the kidneys in order to DECREASE blood pressure

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

126
Q

ADH =

A

antidiuretic hormone

127
Q

other chemical control of BP: produced by the liver and is activated by renin (produced by kidneys); causes vasoconstriction and reabsorption in the kidneys to increase plasma volume (by aldosterone)—-> INCREASE BP

A

angiotensin II

128
Q

angiotensin II is ultimately produced by the _____ and is activated by _____ (which is produced by the _____)

A

liver

renin; kidneys

129
Q

effects of angiotensin II (2):

A
  • vasoconstriction

- reabsorption in kidneys

130
Q

other chemical control of BP: chemicals produced and released by blood vessels themselves that change diameter of blood vessels (through cells that line BVs)

A

endothelium-derived factors

131
Q

other chemical control of BP: decrease BP (sometimes lethally), increase permeability, and change blood volume; ex: histamine

A

inflammatory chemicals

132
Q

other chemical control of BP: toxic chemical you drink

A

alcohol

133
Q

effects of alcohol regarding BP (4):

A
  • decrease blood volume
  • decrease BP
  • inhibits vasomotor center = causes VASODILATION
  • also causes direct vasodilation to blood vessels
134
Q

alcohol ultimately _____ BP

A

decreases

135
Q

other chemical control of BP: has the same effects as NE and epinephrine; INCREASES BP

A

nicotine

136
Q

ONLY long-term regulation of BP =

A

renal regulation

137
Q

effects of renal regulation (3):

A
  • alters blood volume
  • changing blood volume decreases BP
  • changing blood volume also causes kidneys to eliminate water
138
Q

hi blood volume = ____ BP and causes _______________-

A

high BP

kidneys to work to decrease blood volume

139
Q

two mechanism of renal regulation:

A
  • direct mechanism

- indirect mechanism

140
Q

type of renal mechanism: INCREASE in blood pressure or volume speeds up filtration and rate in kidneys

A

direct renal regulation

141
Q

direct renal regulation, it is ____ itself that causes changes in filtration and urine output e

A

BP

142
Q

direct renal regulation: high BP —> more filtration —-> more fluid accumulation —-> more ____ ____

A

urine production

143
Q

indirect regal mechanism is also called the ____ _____ _____

A

renal angiotensin mechanism

144
Q

type of renal mechanism: stimulated by DECREASE in BP

A

indirect renal mechanism (renin angiotensin mechanism)

145
Q

process of renin angiotensin mechanism (indirect renal mechanism -

A

1) decrease in BP causes kidneys to release renin
2) renin stimulates angiotensin II production
3) angiotensin II stimulates aldosterone production (causes reabsorption of sodium, and then water)
4) BP rises

A&P II (11 decks)

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