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Radiologic Pathology > Urinary System Pathologies > Flashcards

Urinary System Pathologies Flashcards

1
Q

Number and Size Anomalies of the Kidney

A

Renal Agenesis
Supernumerary Kidney
Hypoplasia

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2
Q

A relatively rare anomaly that demonstrates as the absence of the kidney on one side (unilateral) with an unusually large kidney on the other side

A

Renal Agenesis

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3
Q

The ____ kidney is more frequently missing and it is more common among males in renal agenesis

A

left

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4
Q

The absence of both kidneys is termed

A

Potter syndrome or bilateral agenesis

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5
Q

Also relatively rare and consists of the presence of third small, rudimentary kidney

A

Supernumerary Kidney

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6
Q

It has no parenchymal attachment to a kidney and it often becomes symptomatic as a result of an infection

A

Supernumerary Kidney

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7
Q

A rare anomaly of kidney size involving a kidney that is developed less than normal

A

Hypoplasia

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8
Q

It is usually associated with hyperplasia of the other kidney

A

Hypoplasia

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9
Q

Fusion anomalies of the kidney

A

Horseshoe Kidney

Crossed Ectopy

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10
Q

a condition in which the lower poles of the kidneys are joined across midline by a band of soft tissues, causing a rotation on one or both side

A

Horseshoe Kidney

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11
Q

one kidney lies across the midline and is fused with the other kidney

A

Crossed Ectopy

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12
Q

generally lies inferior to the uncrossed one, and its ureter crosses the midline to enter the bladder on the proper side

A

Crossed Ectopy

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13
Q

Position Anomalies of the Kidney

A

Malrotation

Ectopic Kidney

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14
Q

consist of incomplete or excessive rotation of the kidney as they ascend from the pelvis in utero

A

Malrotation

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15
Q

one that is out of its normal position, usually lower than normal.

A

Ectopic Kidney

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16
Q

Such kidneys are often in a pelvic or sacral location

A

Ectopic Kidney

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17
Q

Renal Pelvis and Ureter Anomalies

A

Double Renal Pelvis and Double Ureter

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18
Q

these are frequent and they can be unilateral or bilateral

A

Double Renal Pelvis and Double Ureter

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19
Q

this condition impairs renal drainage, predisposing the patient to infection and formation of calculi

A

Double Renal Pelvis and Double Ureter

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20
Q

Lower Urinary Tract Anomalies

A

Ureteroceles
Ureteral Diverticula
Bladder Diverticula
Urethral Valves

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21
Q

cyst-like dilations of a ureter near its opening into the bladder and usually result from stenosis of the urethral orifice

A

Ureteroceles

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22
Q

radiographically, presents a filling defect in the bladder with a characteristic “cobra head” appearance

A

Ureteroceles

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23
Q

This causes obstruction and kidney infection and the treatment involves surgical removal to allow for increased flow of urine into the bladder

A

Ureteroceles

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24
Q

a congenital anomaly representing a dilated, branched ureteric remnant and is best demonstrated by retrograde urography

A

Ureteral Diverticula

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25
Q

sac or pouch that occurs in the bladder walls

A

Bladder Diverticula

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26
Q

may occur as a congenital anomaly or be caused by chronic bladder obstruction and resultant infection occuring in middle-age med

A

Bladder Diverticula

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27
Q

mucosal folds that protrude into the posterior urethra as a congenital condition

A

Urethral Valves

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28
Q

such valves occur in males and are usually discovered during infancy and early childhood

A

Urethral Valves

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29
Q

innumerable tiny cysts within the nephron unit are present at birth and may be discovered with in utero ultrasonography

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

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30
Q

a rare condition causing childhood cystic disease and ultimately resulting in childhood renal failure

A

Polycystic Kidney Disease

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31
Q

A bacterial infection of the calyces and renal pelvis

A

Pyelonephritis

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32
Q

Common among women than men due to their increases incidence of reflux from the bladder

A

Pyelonephritis

33
Q

Acute condition occurs to pregnant women due to increase size of the uterus that compresses the ureter and decreases urine clearance of bacteria

A

Pyelonephritis

34
Q

Patients with Pyelonephritis experiences

A

fever
flank pain
general malaise

35
Q

Urinalysis demonstrates pyuria

A

Pyelonephritis

36
Q

the presence of pus created by the dumping of the pus from abscesses formed in the kidneys into the collecting tubules

A

pyuria

37
Q

an antigen antibody reaction in the glomeruli causing inflammation of the renal parenchyma

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

38
Q

occurs following a streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract or middle ear

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

39
Q

Radiographically, the kidneys appear larger because of edematous accumulation

A

Acute Glomerulonephritis

40
Q

Treatment for Acute Glomerulonephritis involves

A

diuretic therapy (to lessen edema)
antibiotic therapy
bed rest
renal dialysis (in severe cases)

41
Q

Inflammation of the bladder, fairly common infection caused by a bacteria

A

Cystitis

42
Q

Prevalent among women because of shorter urethra that permits easier access of bacteria into the bladder

A

Cystitis

43
Q

the backward flow of urine out of the bladder and into the ureters

A

Vesicoureteral reflux

44
Q

may demonstrate the presence of reflux as well as roughening of the normally smooth bladder wall

A

Cystography

45
Q

Treatment of cystitis includes

A

antibiotic therapy

abundance of fluids

46
Q

roughening of the normally smooth bladder wall

A

bladder trabeculae

47
Q

stones that develop from urine and precipitate crystalline materials, especially calcium and salts

A

Renal Calculi

48
Q

Males develop calculi more than females after the age of 30 and these are made of pure uric acid

A

Renal Calculi

49
Q

most stones are formed in the _______

A

calyces or renal pelvis

50
Q

a large calculus that assumes the shape of the pelvicalyceal junction

A

Staghorn calculus

51
Q

stones tend to be asymptomatic until they begin to descend and create obstruction

A

Staghorn calculus

52
Q

movement of stones or acute obstruction result in severe, agonizing pain known as

A

renal colic

53
Q

Other sites of calcification in the urinary tract include

A

wall of the bladder

54
Q

bladder calculi often cause

A

suprapubic pain

55
Q

Intimal thickening of predominantly the small vessels of the kidney

A

Nephrosclerosis

56
Q

occur as part of the normal aging process as well as in younger patients in association with hypertension and diabetes

A

Nephrosclerosis

57
Q

Treatment for nephrosclerosis consists of

A

managing the associated hypertension
administration of diuretic agents
proper dietary restrictions

58
Q

Disturbances of calcium metabolism (hyperthyroidism) that results in such comdition characterized by tiny deposits of calcium dispersed throughout the renal parenchyma

A

Nephrocalcinosis

59
Q

represents the end result of a chronic process that gradually results in lost kidney function

A

Renal Failure

60
Q

characteristic of renal failure and consist of retention of urea in the blood

A

Renal Failure

61
Q

a characteristic of renal failure and consist of retention of urea in the blood

A

uremia

62
Q

patients with renal failure experiences

A 
moderate anemia
hypertension
heart arrhythmia
congestive heart failure
problems related to a severe imbalance of electrolytes and acid-base balance
63
Q

an obstructive disease that cause a dilatation of the renal pelvis and calyces with urine

A

Hydronephrosis

64
Q

the most common cause is calculus, however can also occur as a congenital defect or blockage of the system by a tumor, stricture, blood clot or inflammation

A

Hydronephrosis

65
Q

treatment for hydronephrosis includes

A

antibiotics (for the presence of any infection)
lithotripsy of stone
surgical excision of the cause of the obstruction
waiting until the stone passes

66
Q

an acquired abnormality common in adults and are usually asymptomatic and not an impairment to renal function, but may cause symptoms from rupture, hemorrhage, infection or obstruction

A

Renal Cyst

67
Q

commonly found in a lower pole of the kidney and are readily demonstrated by CT and sonography

A

Renal Cyst

68
Q

most common malignant tumor of the kidney

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

69
Q

Renal Cell Carcinoma is also reffered as

A

adenocarcinoma/ hypernephroma

70
Q

Occurs twice as frequently in males with an increased incidence after the age of 40 years old

A

Renal Cell Carcinoma

71
Q

The etiology for Renal Cell Carcinoma is unknown but chronic inflammation from _____ are thought to contribute to the development of renal carcinoma

A

obstruction
cigarette smoking
obesity
hypertension

72
Q

the tendency to metastasize early from the kidney poses a serious threat to the common sites like

A 
lungs
brain
liver
bone
adrenal glands
73
Q

a malignant tumor commonly encountered by children

A

Nephroblastoma

74
Q

Nephroblastoma is also known as

A

Wilm’s tumor

75
Q

Patients with this disease present a large, palpable abdominal mass, showing an enlarged kidney on a urographic examination

A

Nephroblastoma

76
Q

usually seen three times more often in men than in women particularly after the age 60

A

Bladder carcinoma

77
Q

Bladder carcinoma cause is clearly related to

A

cigarette smoking

certain industrial chemicals

78
Q

main symptom of Bladder carcinoma

A

painless hematuria

Radiologic Pathology (14 decks)

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