Gastrointestinal System Pathologies 3

Question 1

A neuromuscular abnormality of the esophagus that results in failure of the lower esophageal sphincter of the distal esophagus to relax, leading to dysphagia.

Answer 1

ACHALASIA

Question 2

Clinically, patients present with a slowly progressive dysphagia in swallowing both
solids and liquids.

Answer 2

ACHALASIA

Question 3

Patients with achalasia may also experience

Answer 3

regurgitation, chest pain, and

moderate weight loss.

Question 4

distal esophagus in achalasia itself is often described as having

Answer 4

“beaked” appearance

Question 5

a pouch or sac of variable size that occurs normally or is created by herniation of a
mucus membrane through defect in its muscular coat.

Answer 5

Diverticulum

Question 6

Occur when mucosal outpouching penetrate through the muscular layer of the esophagus

Answer 6

Esophageal Diverticuli

Question 7

the presence of diverticula without inflammation, is seen in all parts
of the colon, most frequently in the sigmoid colon, and particularly among adults over the age of 40 years

Answer 7

Diverticulosis

Question 8

Inflammation of a diverticulum is termed

Answer 8

diverticulitis

Question 9

The inflammation of diverticulosis is

exacerbated by

Answer 9

feces lodging in the diverticulum

Question 10

Signs and symptoms of colonic diverticuli includes

Answer 10

lower left quadrant pain and
tenderness,
fever, and an
increased WBC count.

Question 11

Unintentional swallowing or poor mastication causes such foreign bodies to become lodged in the esophagus.

Answer 11

FOREIGN BODIES IN THE ESOPHAGUS

Question 12

commonly used in cases of acute esophageal obstruction in order
to locate the site of obstruction.

Answer 12

barium swallow

Question 13

are also indicated in cases of radiopaque foreign bodies.

Answer 13

Soft tissue neck radiographs

Question 14

benign tumor (smooth muscle tumor) and can be surgically removed through thoracic or abdominal incision

Answer 14

Leiomyoma

Question 15

present as intramural defects in the barium-outlined esophageal wall

Answer 15

Leiomyoma

Question 16

a cancer arising in the body of the esophagus.

Answer 16

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Question 17

a cancer arising at the esophogastric junction.

Answer 17

Adenocarcinoma

Question 18

small masses of tissue arising from the bowel wall to project inward into the lumen

Answer 18

COLONIC POLYPS

Question 19

more frequently noted in the left colon, and particularly in the rectosigmoid areas

Answer 19

COLONIC POLYPS

Question 20

Incidence of gastric cancer varies by

Answer 20

geographical area, 
race, 
diet, 
hereditary, and
sex

Question 21

Mostly develop in the pyloric and antrum regions, particularly along the lesser curvature, although they may occur anywhere

Answer 21

Gastric cancer

Question 22

Symptoms of gastric tumors are often vague but include

Answer 22

bleeding, vomiting, loss of appetite, weight loss and early satiety

Question 23

Surgical removal of gastric cancer has been the only successful treatment

Answer 23

a subtotal gastrectomy

Question 24

The most common malignancies in males and is generally adenocarcinoma.

Answer 24

CARCINOMA OF THE COLON

Question 25

Incidence rises significantly after age 40 and doubles with each decade, reaching a peak at about age 75.

Answer 25

CARCINOMA OF THE COLON

Question 26

a cancer derived from the glandular epithelium of the colon which
is characterized by infiltration of the colon wall.

Answer 26

Adenocarcinoma