Gastrointestinal System Pathologies 2

Question 1

Absence of neurons in the bowel wall, typically in the sigmoid colon

Answer 1

HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE

Question 2

Congenital Aganglionic Megacolon

Answer 2

HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE

Question 3

Such absence prevents the normal relaxation of the colon and subsequent peristalsis resulting in gross dilatation to the point of narrowing and constriction.

Answer 3

HIRSCHSPRUNG’S DISEASE

Question 4

A group of diseases of various causes in which there is interference with normal
digestion and absorption of food through the small bowel

Answer 4

MALABSORPTION SYNDROME

Question 5

Forms of Malabsorption Syndrome

Answer 5

Celiac Disease

Lactose insufficiency

Question 6

Occurs as a result of sensitivity to Gluten, an agent found in wheat products such
as bread

Answer 6

CELIAC DISEASE

Question 7

Gluten-sensitive enteropathy

Answer 7

CELIAC DISEASE

Question 8

Celiac sprue

Answer 8

CELIAC DISEASE

Question 9

Occurs when the small bowel lacks sufficient quantity of the enzyme lactase.

Answer 9

LACTOSE INSUFFICIENCY

Question 10

narrowing of the esophagus, the passageway from the throat to the stomach

Answer 10

ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES

Question 11

May be secondary to the ingestion of caustic materials such as strong acids, or
alkalines or from any factor that inflames the mucosa and creates scarring

Answer 11

ESOPHAGEAL STRICTURES

Question 12

These caustic agents burn the esophagus and cause ______

Answer 12

edema,
swelling,
and possibly perforation.

Question 13

results from an incompetent cardiac sphincter, which allows the backward flow of gastric acid and contents into the esophagus

Answer 13

GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)

Question 14

the primary cause of esophageal inflammations

Answer 14

Reflux esophagitis

Question 15

burning symptoms experienced substernally as a result of the reflux of
gastric acids into the esophagus

Answer 15

Heartburn

Question 16

an erosion of the mucous membrane of the lower end of the esophagus, stomach or duodenum.

Answer 16

peptic ulcer

Question 17

The most likely site of development of peptic ulcer

Answer 17

duodenal bulb and

lesser curvature of the stomach.

Question 18

The etiology directly relates to the hypersecretion of acidic gastric juice (hydrochloric acid) and pepsin (protein-digesting enzyme).

Answer 18

PEPTIC ULCER

Question 19

Major symptoms is pain and males are more frequently affected than the females

Answer 19

PEPTIC ULCER

Question 20

Medical therapies such as mental, physical and gastric rest are given as a treatment,
failure of such may necessitate surgery.

Answer 20

PEPTIC ULCER

Question 21

the inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach and small bowel.

Answer 21

GASTROENTERITIS

Question 22

Acute cases of gastroenteritis are caused by

Answer 22

excessive alcohol intake,
viral infection,
food allergy, and
specific infectious diseases

Question 23

Ingestion of foods contaminated with bacteria may also result to ______

Answer 23

gastroenteritis

Question 24

A chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown cause involving any part of the gastrointestinal tract, but commonly involving the terminal ileum

Answer 24

CROHN’S DISEASE

Question 25

CROHN’S DISEASE is also known as

Answer 25

Regional Enteritis or granulomatous colitis

Question 26

This disease typically affects young adults in their 20’s and 30’s with symptoms suggestive of appendicitis or acute bowel obstruction.

Answer 26

CROHN’S DISEASE

Question 27

is thought to be an important causative factor of bowel dysfunction.

Answer 27

Emotional stress

Question 28

an inflammation of the vermiform appendix, generally resulting from an obstruction caused by a fecalith or rarely by a neoplasm or ball of worms - oxyuriasisvermicularis)

Answer 28

APPENDICITIS

Question 29

Frequently affects individuals between ages of 15-24 years.

Answer 29

APPENDICITIS

Question 30

Signs and symptoms of appendicitis

Answer 30

a. pain in the epigastrium that moves to the right lower quadrant. b. nausea (reflux symptom) c. vomiting (reflux symptom)

Question 31

A chronic, recurrent ulceration of the colon mucosa of unknown cause

Answer 31

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Question 32

Affects young individuals showing symptoms of excessive diarrhea, blood,pus and mucus in the stools.

Answer 32

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Question 33

Such disease generally starts in the rectum and spreads to the sigmoids, sometimes involving the entire colon.

Answer 33

ULCERATIVE COLITIS

Question 34

another complication defined as an acute dilatation of the colon from paralytic ileus (failure of bowel peristalsis).

Answer 34

Toxic megacolon

Question 35

Protrusion of a loop of bowel through a small opening, usually in the abdominal wall.

Answer 35

Hernia

Question 36

Popularly referred to as a “rupture”

Answer 36

Hernia

Question 37

occurs because of an anatomic weakness

Answer 37

Hernia

Question 38

Most common hernia are

Answer 38

abdominal, inguinal, femoral, umbilical

Question 39

Femoral and umbilical herniations occur in

Answer 39

both sexes

Question 40

Common in men and occurs when a bowel loop protrudes through weakness in the inguinal ring and may descend downward into the scrotum.

Answer 40

Inguinal Hernia

Question 41

if a herniated loop of bowel can be pushed back into the abdominal cavity

Answer 41

Reducible hernia

Question 42

if it becomes stuck and cannot be reduced

Answer 42

Incarcerated hernia

Question 43

if the constriction through which the bowel loop has passed is tight enough to cut off blood supply to the bowel

Answer 43

Strangulated hernia

Question 44

a weakness of the esophageal hiatus that permits some portions of the stomach to herniate into the thoracic cavity

Answer 44

Hiatal Hernia

Question 45

occurs when a portion of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction are both situated above the diaphragm. This type of hernia constitutes the outstanding majority (about 99%) of all hiatal hernias.

Answer 45

A direct, or sliding, hiatal hernia

Question 46

Types of Bowel Obstructions

Answer 46

1. Gallstone Ileus 2. Volvulus 3. Intussusception 4. Paralytic Ileus

Question 47

cause of mechanical bowel obstruction in which a gallstone can erode from the gallbladder and create a fistula to the small bowel

Answer 47

GALLSTONE ILEUS

Question 48

This leads to an obstruction, usually when the gallstone reaches the ileocecal valve.

Answer 48

GALLSTONE ILEUS

Question 49

Radiographic signs of this include air and fluid levels or air in the biliary tree

Answer 49

GALLSTONE ILEUS

Question 50

clinical signs and symptoms of gallstone ileus include

Answer 50

abdominal distention, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, sometimes progressing to bloody stools.

Question 51

a twisting of a bowel loop about its mesenteric base, usually at either the sigmoid or ileocecal junction

Answer 51

VOLVULUS

Question 52

Surgical untwisting and resection are necessary to prevent necrosis and perforation of the bowel caused by a lack of blood supply

Answer 52

VOLVULUS

Question 53

Occurs when a segment of bowel, constricted by peristalsis, telescopes into a distal segment, and is driven further into the distal bowel by peristalsis

Answer 53

INTUSSUSCEPTION

Question 54

Radiographically, the area of intussusception may appear as a

Answer 54

“coiled spring.”

Question 55

Adynamic ileus

Answer 55

PARALYTIC ILEUS

Question 56

Failure of bowel peristalsis , often seen after abdominal surgery, which may result in bowel obstruction

Answer 56

PARALYTIC ILEUS

Question 57

generally lasts no longer than 3 days with proper medical treatment

Answer 57

PARALYTIC ILEUS

Question 58

Signs and symptoms of paralytic ileus include

Answer 58

distention of the abdomen, abdominal cramping, and vomiting