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BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) > Urinary system Lecture Review > Flashcards

Urinary system Lecture Review Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the functions of the urinary system

A

1) Filters blood (to produce urine)
2) Excretion of metabolic waste products & water soluble toxins
3) Maintains fluid balance (regulates Blood volume & BP)
4) regulates solute conc. in body osmolarity
5) Maintains blood ph

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2
Q

where are the kidneys

A

retroperitoneal

T12-L3

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3
Q

what is fibrous capsule

A

collegen on kidney surface

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4
Q

what is adipose capsule

A

cushion & support kidney

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5
Q

what is renal fascia

A

dense CT, anchors kidney to muscle or dorsal wall of abdomenopelvic cavity

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6
Q

what are the 3 regions of the kidneys & what is in them

A

1) Cortex
2) Medulla - medullary columns & pyramids
3) Sinus - renal pelvis, major calyx, minor calyx

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7
Q

Explain the flow of urinary drainage

A

1) Collecting ducts in medullary pyramids
2) Minor calyx
3) Major calyx
4) Renal pelvis
5) Ureter
6) urinary bladder
7) Urethra

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8
Q

what is the functional unit of the kidney called

A

nephron

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9
Q

what are the 3 functions of a nephron

A

1) Filtration
2) Reabsorption
3) Secretion

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10
Q

Explain nephron filtration

A

-Filtrate of blood pushed across glomerulus to form urinw

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11
Q

explain nephron reabsorption

A

-Movement of useful molecules from tubules back into blood **So they aren’t lost in urine

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12
Q

explain nephron secretion

A

-transport undesirable molecules (so they can be excreted into urine) from blood into tubules

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13
Q

where are peritubular cappillaries

A

Material exchange (DCT & PCT)

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14
Q

where is the vasa recta

A

around loops of nephron (material exchange)

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15
Q

what are the ureters lined with

A

transitional epithelium & smooth muscle

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16
Q

what is the urinary bladders mucosa layer do

A

Lined with traditional epithelium, forms rugae & stretched

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17
Q

what is the submucosa of the urinary bladder

A

connective tissue

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18
Q

what do the muscular of the bladder form

A

the detrusor muscle that expels urine

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19
Q

what does the internal urinary sphincter do

A

prevents leakage (smooth muscle)

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20
Q

what does the external urinary sphincter do?

A

Voluntary control ( Skeletal muscle)

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21
Q

explain micturition reflex

A

Bladder fills - stretch receptors sense - signal passes on sacral nerve -reflexive contraction of detrusor muscle - relaxation of internal urinary sphincter

  • Cycles become more freq. as the bladder reaches capacity
  • Center in PONS can promote micturition of storage
  • Conscious relaxation of external sphincters still needs to happen for urination to occur
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22
Q

how much urine is output per day & how is it formed

A

1/2 L a day & by filtering blood

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23
Q

what are the 3 components of nitrogenous waste

A

1) Urea
2) Creatinine
3) Uric acid

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24
Q

how is urea formed

A

Amino acid breakdown

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25
Q

how is creatinine formed

A

creatine-P breakdown

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26
Q

how is uric acid formed

A

nucleotide breakdown

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27
Q

What electrolytes are found in urine

A

Na+, Cl-, K+, Mg2+, ca2+, H+, bicarbonate ion, PO4-

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28
Q

what is urobillin

A

yellow pigment from heme breakdown

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29
Q

how do hormones get into urine

A

b/c they’re in the blood

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30
Q

what is it called when there is glucose in urine

A

glycosuria (Diabetes)

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31
Q

what is it called when there is proteins in urine

A

Proteinuria (Kidney disease/ damage)

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32
Q

what is it called when there is blood/ hemoglobin in urine

A

hematuria (Inflammation, infection, kidney stones, trauma)

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33
Q

what is it called when there is bile pigments in urine

A

Billirubinura (Liver disease)

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34
Q

what is it called when there is ketones in the urine

A

Ketonuria (Starvation, abnormal fat metabolism, diabetes)

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35
Q

what is the general idea of glomerular filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries forces a filtrate of blood into glomerular capsule

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36
Q

What does the filtrate contain

A

It is filtered plasma

  • Water, electrolytes, nutrients (glucose, aminos), urea, uric acid, creatinine
  • contains everything in plasma except blood cells & protein
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37
Q

where does filtration occur

A

across the filtration membrane

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38
Q

What is the filtration membrane

A

Membrane of renal corpuscle that filters blood from filtrate
-Formed from Endothelium of fenestrated capillaries & basement membrane & podocytes

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39
Q

how does filtrate move through the filtration membrane

A

moves through pore in-between epithelial cells & through basement membrane
Then it moves through a filtration slit in between the podocytes

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40
Q

what is the visceral epithelium of the capsule

A

The podocytes

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41
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate

A

Volume of filtrate formed per minute

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42
Q

what is glomerular filtration rate affected by

A

Renal blood pressure

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43
Q

For glomerular filtration to occur:

A

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure must be greater than the sum of capsular hydrostatic pressure & blood colloid osmotic pressure

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44
Q

what is the GHP

A

push from capillary into capsule

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45
Q

what is the CsHp & BCOP

A

pushing back into the blood

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46
Q

what is the NFP

A

net filtration pressure, has to be positive for filtration to occur
-needs adequate BP

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47
Q

how do u regulate glomerular filtration

A

by regulating the renal BP & Blood flow

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48
Q

what are the 3 mechanisms of renal bp & blood flow

A

1) Autoregulation
2) Neural regulation
3) Hormonal regulation

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49
Q

what is autoregulation

A

Local
-Kidneys adjusts it’s own BP & blood flow
The efferent arteriole ALWAYS has a smaller diameter than the afferent arteriole even when both are fully dilated
-Also used myogenic mechanism & tubular mechanism

50
Q

what is the myogenic mechanism

A

smooth muscle in the arterioles CONTRACTS when stretched and RELAXES when not stretched.
-Decreased BP to kidneys-> decrease GFR -> decreased stretch, so relaxation-> vasodilation of AFFERENT arteriole-> increased glomerular filtration rate

51
Q

what is the tubular mechanism (what is the macula dense)

A

-the MACULA DENSA monitors Na+ concentration in filtrate. The macula dense is modified epithelial cells in the DCT that release chemicals that cause vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole when NA+ is in high concentration. They’re also called the sodium sensing cells.
Nacl concentration in DCT is related to flow rate, meaning it is so high that there is less time for reabsorption.
-Increased GFR-> increased Na+-> vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole -> decreased GFR

52
Q

explain the neural regulation of glomerular filtration

A

fight/flight/exercise/blood loss all divert blood away from kidneys. This is how it works:
Sympathetic ANS -> Norepinephrine -> Vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole -> decreased glomerular filtration rate
**can override local control.
***Hormones can also help maintain GFR by also causing vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles

53
Q

Explain hormonal regulation of glomerular filtration rate

A

-All hormones that affect BP, affect GFR.
Renin angiotensin aldosterone system.
1) The Jg cells detect less stretch, & macula densa detects less Na+ in filtrate
2) indicates low GFR
3) Jg cells release renin
4) Activates angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
5) ACE enzyme in lungs activates angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2
6) This causes release of aldosterone & vasoconstriction
7) The aldosterone will increase sodium & h20 reaborptiin in DCT, & vasoconstriction will increase BP which will increase GFR

54
Q

what is tubular absorption

A

reabsorption of substances in filtrate back into blood

Recovery of lost solutes

55
Q

where does most of the tubular absorption take place

A

the PCT b/c cubical epithelium has microvilli = huge SA

Can occur all along the nephron loop DCT & collecting ducts too

56
Q

what methods of reabsorption happen in tubular absorption

A
  • Active transport of Na+ (80% of it)
  • Facilitated transport & cotransport with Na+ (Glucose, amino acids, vitamins) (100%)
  • diffusion of Cl-, K+, bicarbonate, magnesium, calcium (80% down electrochemical gradient)
  • osmosis of h20 following the solute
57
Q

which hormones effect tubular reabsorption of ions

A
  • Parathyroid hormone (increased Ca2+ reabsorption from DCT)

- aldosterone (increased Na + reabsorption from DCT)

58
Q

what is a transport maximum (Tubular absorption)

A

the transport carriers become saturated. if renal threshold (plasma conc. @ which carriers become sat.) is exceeded, substances will appear in urine. For example glycosuria.

59
Q

What is Tubular secretion

A

the secretions of substances from peritubular blood into tubular filtrate

  • the removal of undesirable solutes
  • Active transport of waste into filtrate
  • secretion occurs along length of renal tubule
60
Q

what hormones affect secretion

A

Aldosterone (increases K+ secretion) (K+ secretion is coupled to the reabsorption of Na+)

  • stimulates active transport of NA+/K+ pump.
  • regulates both sodium & potassium levels
61
Q

what are the 2 ways that urine is concentrated & their effectiveness

A
  • Obligatory water reabsorption (H2O follows solute, 85% recovery)
  • Facultative water reabsorption (can recover up to 99% of water to produce very concentrated urine. 4X more conc. than plasma)
62
Q

where is most water reabsorption from filtrate done by

A

Juxtamedullar nephrons (in cortex) & collecting ducts

63
Q

why is facultative water reabsorption urine concentration possible ? (3 reasons)

A

1) medullary gradient
2) Counter current mechanism
3) ADH

64
Q

What is the medullary gradient

A

progressive increase in solute conc. of intersisitial fluid from contex (300) to medulla (1200).

65
Q

what creates the medullary gradient

A

Due to active transport of na+ and cl- out of the ascending nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons & diffusion of urea from collecting ducts

66
Q

what is the counter current mechanism

A

blood in the vasa recta flows the opposite direction to filtrate.

  • filtrate in descending loop flows opposite direction to ascending loop
  • this establishes & maintains the medullary gradient & enhances the reabsorption of water
  • **and reabsorption is further enhanced by special nephron loop properties
67
Q

what is the special property of the descending nephron loop

A
  • thin

- h2o permeable -> leaves due to gradient

68
Q

what is the special property of the ascending nephron loop

A
  • thick
  • impermeable to h20
  • nacl actively transported out (creates gradient)
69
Q

what does antiduiretic hormone or vasopressin do to increase urine concentration

A
  • peptide hormone produced in hypothalamus, stored in post. pituitary.
  • secreted in response to dehydration (hi. solute concentration in plasma)
  • EFFECT: causes aquaporins to appear in collecting ducts -> H20 leaves filtrate & concentrates urine
70
Q

if you’re well hydrated you have ….

A

less ADH, collecting duct impermeable, no water leaves & u have dilute urine

71
Q

if you’re dehydrated you have…

A

more ADH, collecting duct permeable, h20 leaves, and it is concentrated urine

72
Q

how is fluid, electrolyte & ph balance mainly regulated

A

-adjusting urine concentration & volume

73
Q

what are the 2 electrolyte compartments & how do they differ

A

ICF(intracellular fluid - within cells) & ECF (extracellular fluid - Interstitial or plasma)
-electrolytes differ

74
Q

what is ECF

A 
extracellular fluid (outside of cells 
either interstitial fluid (outside normal cells)
or plasma (surround blood cells)
75
Q

what is ICF

A

intracellular fluid (WITHIN CELLS)

76
Q

where is 60% of the fluid held

A

intracellular

40% is extracellular

77
Q

what electrolytes is in intracellular fluid

A

k+, protein, mg2+, HpO4-2

78
Q

what electrolytes are in interstitial fluid

A

na+, cl-, HCO3- (Bicarbonate ion) (NO PROTEIN)

79
Q

what electrolytes are in plasma

A

Na+, Cl-, Bicarbonate ion, protein

80
Q

is osmolarity in ICF & ECF similar ?

A

yes, & water can move between any compartments

81
Q

what is osmolarity

A

moles of solute contributing to osmotic pressure

82
Q

what is fluid balance input sources

A

beverages, food, metabolism (cell respiration)

83
Q

what is fluid output balance sources

A

urine, sweat, feces, exhalation

84
Q

what is the main mechanism for regulating fluid balance

A

regulation of urine volume

85
Q

explain how dehydration leads to decreased urine volume, which is important in fluid balance

A

1) Dehydration
2) Increased plasma osmolarity & decreased plasma volume
3) the increased osmolarity causes osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus to react
4) The decreased plasma volume causes the barororeceptor in the arterioles to react
5) Both the osmoreceptors & baroreceptors cause the thirst enters in the hypothalamus to react
6) The hypothalamus triggers you to increase fluid intake by feeling thefts & it released ADH from it’s pitutitary glad
7) The thirst centre also causes the small intestine to rapidly absorb H20
8) The kidneys react by increaseing h20 reabsorption by pumping out Na+
9) Meanwhile, baroreceptors in the arterioles also activates the RAAS system
10) Aldosterone is released and causes Na+ to be reabsorbed also
11) all this H20 reabsorption decreases urine volume & decreases H20 Lost

86
Q

electrolyte balance is important in…

A
  • Water balance (blood vol. +Bp)
  • acid base balance (H+ conc.)
  • electrochemical gradients (nt. function)
  • cellular metabolism
87
Q

what does sodium do

A

accepts Blood volume, nerve & muscle function

88
Q

what hormones affect sodium

A

1) Aldosterone
2) Natriuretic peptides
3) cortisol & estrogen

89
Q

what does aldosterone do to na+

A

increases reabsorption from DCT

90
Q

what does natriuretic peptides do to sodium

A

decrease sodium reabsorption, decrease aldosterone secretion

91
Q

what does cortisol & estrogen do to sodium

A

aldosterone like effects. (increases reabsorption)

92
Q

what is hypernatremia

A

Hi levels of na+ in blood.

93
Q

what is hypernatremia causes by

A

dehydration, burns, diabetes insidious

94
Q

what is hyponatremia

A

low na+ in blood

95
Q

what is hyponatremia caused by

A

excessive water intake, renal failure, vomiting & diarrhea

96
Q

what does potassium do

A

affects nerve & muscle function (electrochemical gradient)
-k+ secreted when na+ is reabsorpted so a lot of it is lost in urine
but when filtrate is acidic, Na+ is exchanged for h+ instead which decreases k+ loss in urine.
Must replenish K+ with fruit & veg

97
Q

what is hyperkalemia

A

hi levels of potassium

98
Q

what causes hyperkalemia

A

renal disease, antihypertensive meds, decreased aldosterone, chronic acidosis
***IT IS A MEDICAL EMERGENCY

99
Q

what is hypokalemia

A

low k+ levels

100
Q

what is hypokelemia causes by

A

diarrhea, vomit, some diuretics

101
Q

what does calcium do

A

important in neuromuscular function, coagulation, intracellular signal & enzyme cofactor

102
Q

what is the hormonal regulation of calcium

A
  • Parathyroid hormone increases Ca2+ reabsorption from DCT & absorption in intestines to increase blood calcium
  • the can be stored in bones
103
Q

what is hypercelcemia

A

increased ca 2+ levels due to hyperparathyroidism

104
Q

what is hypocalcemia

A

decreased ca2+ levels do to hypoparathyroid, renal disease or vitamin D deficiency

105
Q

how is phosphate regulated

A

by parathyroid hormone & ca affect ca2+ levels. Increased phosphate causes decreased parathyroid which causes ca2+ excretion

106
Q

what is ph

A

-log of hydrogen ion concentration

107
Q

what is the normal ph of plasma & ECF

A

7.35-7.45

108
Q

anything below or above 7.35-7.45 is either acidosis or alkalosis

A

these have dangerous systemic effects

109
Q

metabolic processes do what to blood ph

A

lower blood ph. The main problem is acidosis

110
Q

how is respiratory acidosis caused

A

Aerobic resp. -> increased CO2 (it’s a product) -> carbonic acid -> respiratory acidosis

111
Q

how is metabolic acidosis caused

A

1) Anaerobic resp. -> lactic acid -> metabolic acidosis
2) Lipid metabolism -> fatty acids -> metabolic acidosis
3) Protein metabolism -> Amino acids & ketone acids -> Metabolic acidosis

112
Q

how is alkalinosis caused

A

from hyperventilation or bicarbonate ion poisoning

113
Q

what are the 3 main buffering systems

A

1) Buffers
2) Resp. System / compensation
3) Urinary system

114
Q

what are the 3 types of buffers

A

1) Protein
2) Phosphate
3) bicarbonate

115
Q

What is the function of buffers

A

reduce changes to pH by binding or releasing H+

Both ICF & ECF have buffers

116
Q

explain the protein buffer system

A
  • most common buffering in plasma & ICF (Cytoplasm)
  • If it is alkalosis in the blood, than the amino acids release h+
  • if it is acidosis in the blood than the amino acids bind h+
117
Q

Explain the phosphate buffer system

A

-HPO4-2 (Monohydrogen phosphate) buffers acid in ICF and urinary filtrate

118
Q

Explain the bicarbonate buffering system

A

this is the main mechanism in ECF
-Hco3- (bicarbonate ion) can mop up h+
HCO3- + H+ -> H2Co3 (carbonic acid) -> Co2 +H20

119
Q

what is the alkaline reserve in bicarbonate buffering system

A

Refers to blood conc. of bicarbonate ion, much of what i in the from of NaHCO3 (Sodium bicarbonate)

120
Q

Explain the respiratory systems / respiratory compensation buffering system

A

-Acidosis and increased H+ due to carbonic acid, stimulates the resp. centres.
Increased resp. rate corrects Co2 by exhaling

121
Q

explain the urinary system buffering system

Renal correction of acidosis & Alkilosis

A

Urine pH varies.
Renal correction of acidosis: Increased secretion h+ (acidic urine) and reabsorb HCO3- (Bicarbonate ion)
What is renal correction of alkalosis: increased reabsorption of H+ and secretion of HCO3- (Barcarbonate ion) (alkaline urine)

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) (13 decks)

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