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BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) > Metabolism review > Flashcards

Metabolism review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is metabolism

A

Sum of all biochemical reaction in the body
All occur in cells, catalyzed by enzymes
Both anabolic (join together) and catabolic (Break apart)

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2
Q

what does anabolic mean

A

join together

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3
Q

what does catabolic mean

A

break apart

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4
Q

Energy released from catabolism…. can be used to make

A

ATP from ADP

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5
Q

explain the metabolism circle

A

1) Macromolecules (polymers- Proteins, complex carb, triglycerides)
2) Catabolic rxn.
- Hydrolysis of large molecules ( Releases energy)
3) Small molecules (monomers - amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids)
4) Anabolic reactions
- build large molecules (stores energy in new chemical bonds)
* **just keeps going & going

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6
Q

what type of reaction stores energy

A

anabolic

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7
Q

what type of reaction released energy

A

catabolic

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8
Q

Define catabolic reaction & what kind of molecule does it act on

A

Hydrolysis of lrg molecules that releases energy.

Such as Proteins, Complex carbs, Triglycerides

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9
Q

Define anabolic reaction & what kind of molecules does it act on

A

Builds large molecules (Stores energy in new chemical bonds)
Such as amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids (monomers basically)

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10
Q

What is Adrenosinetriphosphate

A

The energy currency of cells

Energy in phosphate bonds of ATP can be used directly to fuel metabolic reactions.

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11
Q

What is the energy released when the phosphate bond is broken

A

34kJ

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12
Q

what is basal metabolic rate

A

energy required for body to perform all essential processes

***DOESNT include energy expended by activity

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13
Q

what are essential processes

A

growth, maintenance, heat, nutrition storage, secretion, transport

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14
Q

what is basal metabolic rate affected by

A

age, sex, body composition, body shape/surface area, hormones (esp. thyroid), stress, environmental temperature

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15
Q

what are metabolic reserves

A

energy stored in the human body
85% is stored as triglycerides
14.5% is stored as skeletal muscle
0.5% is stored as glycogen/blood glucose

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16
Q

how do most cells generate ATP

A

by metabolizing carbohydrates

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17
Q

What is the most readily available for carbohydrate metabolism

A

Glycogen

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18
Q

What is glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose

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19
Q

Where is glycogen stored?

A

liver & Muscle (it’s the carbohydrate storage in these places)

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20
Q

how long can glycogen fuel your body

A

about 90 mins of intense exercise

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21
Q

What is glycogenesis

A

1) Part of glycogen metabolism
2) Anabolic process
3) Making glycogen from glucose in the liver & muscle]
Glucose -> glycogen

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22
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

1) Part of glycogen metabolism
2) Catabolic
3) Breaking down glycogen to form glucose
Glycogen -> glucose

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23
Q

What do you use when ur out of glycogen

A

Glucose (C6H12O6)

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24
Q

What happens to glucose

A

cellular respiration

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25
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

Catabolism of glucose -> energy used to make ATP

can be aerobic or anaerobic

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26
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration

A

catabolism of glucose with oxygen

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27
Q

where do most steps of aerobic cellular respiration take place

A

Mitochondria.

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28
Q

the catabolism of one glucose molecules yields ____ ATP

A

36-38

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29
Q

what are the products of aerobic cellular respiration

A

Co2 & H20

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30
Q

White out cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + H2)

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31
Q

What are the 3 main steps of Aerobic cellular respiration

A

1) Glycolysis
2) Citric acid/krebs cycle
3) Electron transport & chemiosomsis

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32
Q

what happens in glycolysis

A
  • Sugar splitting!
  • Anaerobic step (No O2 required)
  • glucose split into 2 pyruvate
  • enough energy is released to make 2ATP
  • Catabolic, releases energy
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33
Q

where does glycolysis take place

A

cytoplasm

34
Q

how many carbons does each pyruvate have

A

3

35
Q

what happens to the pyruvate made in glycolysis

A

It’s transported into mitochondria

36
Q

what is the net outcome of glycolysis

A

2ATP & 2 NADH

4 ATP are made by 2 are used some energy is stored in molecules called NADH

37
Q

where does the krebs cycle take place

A

the matrix of the mitochondria

38
Q

What happens to pyruvate in krebs cycle

A

It is broke down, Carbon is released as CO2.

Then acetylCOA transported it into the krebs cycle

39
Q

What does NAD stand for & do

A

Nicotinamide denier dinucleotide
Picks up hydrogens/ electrons during various processes of cellular respiration via reduction reaction.
Manufacture day B vitamins.

40
Q

what does FAD stand for and do

A

Flavin Adenin dinucleotide
Picks up hydrogens/ electrons during various processes of cellular respiration via reduction reaction.
Becomes FADH2. Manufactured by B vitamins

41
Q

why must each glucose go through krebs cycle twice

A

b/c there a 2 pyruvate

42
Q

what energy does the krebs cycle net per glucose

A

2ATP. Some NADH & FADH (energy is stored in the chemical bonds of these compounds
(3Carbons leaves in the form of CO2 )

43
Q

What is the pruspose of the electron transport & chemiosmosis step

A

Get energy out of bonds in NADH & FADH2

44
Q

what happens to hydrogens in the electron transport & chemiosomosis stage

A

Hydrogens are transferred from NADH & FADH2 to a series of acceptors

45
Q

where are the acceptors in electron transport & chemiosmosis

A

Inner membrane/ crystal of mitochondria called the CYTOCHROME OXIDASE SYSTEM

46
Q

What is the terminal acceptor in oxydase electron chain transport

A

Oxygen because it’s an aerobic metabolism process.

Oxygen picks up the electrons & protons & Forms H20

47
Q

how much ATP does electron transport & chemiosmosis net

A

34 ATP by the process of chemiosismosis using a proton powered enzyme called ATP SYNTHASE

48
Q

what is a hydrogen atom

A

1 electron and 1 proton

49
Q

How is energy released in Electron transport & chemiosmosis and what is it used for

A

E- are passed from 1 acceptor to another in the cytochrome oxidase system -> energy is released
this energy used to actively transport H+ into intermembranouse space & creates the proton gradient
***H+ is then moved back into the matrix, down it’s concentration gradient through a transport protein called ATP SYNTHASE which is also an ATP synthesizing enzyme

50
Q

what does ATP synthase do

A

Moves H+ back into the matrix down it’s concentration gradient. It is a transport protein & an ATP synthesizing enzyme. H+ is then combined with the electron & the terminal accepted O2 to great h20.

51
Q

What is chemiosmosis

A

the movement of ions across membrane, down conc. graitent that generates ATP. This is what the ATP synthase does.

52
Q

Overview of glycolysis

A
  • +2 ATP
  • Anerobic
  • in cytoplasm
53
Q

net of krebs cycle

A

2 atp

54
Q

net of electron transport chain & chemisosmosis

A

34ATP

55
Q

explain aerobic cellular respiration

A
  • Catabolism of glucose without oxygen
  • No Co2 or H20 Produced
  • glycolysis only.
  • Yeilds only 2 ATP per glucose
  • produces lactic acid
56
Q

What does aerobic respiration produce

A

lactic acid from pyruvate.

57
Q

Is anaerobic very effective?

A

no it’s ineffective.

Rapidly depletes glucose/glycogen stores

58
Q

Why do almost all living creatures need O2

A

Necessary terminal acceptor for electron transport & effective oxidation of glucose

59
Q

What happens when glucose & glycogen stores are used up

A

Gluconeogenesis

60
Q

What is gluconeogenesis

A

making glucose from non-carbs IN THE LIVER.

61
Q

why does gluconeogenesis need to occur?

A

Most cells can just metabolize fatty acids or amino acids for energy if glucose is gone.
BUT the brain is very reliant of glucose

62
Q

What things can the liver use to proceed glucose

Gluconeogenesis

A

Glycerol from fatty acids

amino acids & lactic acid

63
Q

What is proteogenesis

A
  • anabolic, making proteins.

- amino acids into proteins

64
Q

where does proteogenesis occur

A

liver & muscle tissue

65
Q

what is ketoacidosis

A

can happen from excessive protein metabolism

66
Q

what is proteolysis

A
  • Catabolic
  • Breaking proteins down.
  • Proteins -> amino acids
  • Aminos can be used for energy by they must be MODIFIED
67
Q

how are amino acids modified so that they can be used for energy

A

Deamination: Removal or amino (NH2) group from an acid.
The amino group is removed & converted into urea & excreted in urine.
The ketoacid is the deaminated part.

68
Q

what can a ketoacid do to be used as energy

A

it can be converted into pyruvate

69
Q

What is transamination

A

Transfer of amino group from one amino acid to a ketoacid to produce a different amino acid that can be metabolized for energy or used to make a protein.

70
Q

why is transamination necessary

A

because only some amino acids can be directly metabolized for energy

71
Q

Why is lipolysis

A
  • Catabolic
  • Breakdown of stored cat (Triglycerides)
  • Glycerol converted into pyruvate and Fatty acids converted into acetyl-coa -> this is called beta oxidation.
72
Q

what can glycerol be converted into

A

pyruvate

73
Q

what can fatty acids be converted into

A

acetyl-coa

74
Q

beta oxidation of fatty acids produces…

A

ketones which are organic acids

75
Q

If carbs aren’t available as fuel (Diabetes, starvation, low carb diets) …

A

an accumulation of toxic/acidic metabolites (ketoacidosis) occur

76
Q

what is lipogenesis

A
  • Anabolic
  • Triglyceride synthesis from protein + Carb
  • Glucose into glycerol
  • Amino acids into fatty acid
77
Q

when does lipogenesis occur

A

when dietary intake of nutrients exceeds what is required. You’ll store triglycerides in adipocytes

78
Q

Explain cholesterol metabolism/synthesis

A

<15% cholesterol from dietary source
<85% synthesized from fatty acids in liver
-Eating dietary saturated fatty acids, increases cholesterol synthesis

79
Q

What is the absorptive state

A

after eating -lasts several hours

  • anabolic reactions prevail & thus there is storage.
    1) After eating blood glucose increases
    2) Pancreas secretes insulin
    3) The insulin effects the liver, muscles & adipose
    4) In the liver, the insulin triggers: Glycogenesis, Proteogenesis & lipogenesis
    5) In the adipose it triggers lipogenesis
    6) In the muscles it triggers proteogenesis & glycogenesis
80
Q

What is the post-absorptive state

A

the fasted state where nutrients aren’t being absorbed

1) Fasted state causes blood glucose to decrease a lot
2) This causes effects on the adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, and pancreas
3) The pancreas secretes glucagon which triggers glycogeneolysis in liver & muscle cells
4) The adrenal medulla secreted epinephrine
5) The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol
6) The cortisol causes lipolysis in adipose, Proteolysis in liver & muscle & gluconeogenesis in the liver

81
Q

what is glucose sparring

A

blood glucose is saved for the brain.

Brain can also use ketones for energy.

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) (13 decks)

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