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BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) > Microbiology review > Flashcards

Microbiology review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bacteria is…

A

prokaryotic
Small, primative & simple. They lack membrane bound organelles (have no nucleus, golgi, ER, mitochondria, or vacuoles)
2-10 uM

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2
Q

fungi & protozoa are…

A

eukaryotic

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3
Q

viruses are…

A

non-cellular

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4
Q

how may microorganisms are pathogenic

A

less than 3%

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5
Q

Explain the binomial nomenclatures system

A

first work = genus

second word = species

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6
Q

how are bacteria classified

A
  • O2 requirements
  • metabolism
  • differential staining
  • motility
  • pathogenicity
  • morphology
  • *Mostly done with DNA sequence these days
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7
Q

how to describe bacteria shape

A

grouping-shape

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8
Q

bacterial cell structure:

A
  • Circular DNA
  • abundent ribosomes
  • cell envelope = membrane & cell wall
  • gelatinous capsule
  • flagella for locomotion
  • pilli for attachment/ transfer of genetic material
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9
Q

Gram +

A

thick peptidoglycan then protein cell membrane

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10
Q

Gram -

A

lipopolysaccharide then peptidoglycan

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11
Q

explain bacteria growth

A 
binary fission (mitosis/identical cells)
ca double every 1-24hr 
-some are highly resistant endospores
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12
Q

Bacteria are the…

A

most numerous & pervasive oragamism (ubiquitous)

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13
Q

Normal flora

A

life on/in GI tract, resp, mucous membranes, skin, ears
NOT NORMALLY in the blood, urine, lymph, CSF
-they inhibit pathogens
-secrete antimicrobial toxins that alter ph
-compete for nutrients /space
-stimulate immune defense

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14
Q

What is pathogenicity

A

ability to enter host & cause disease

these are complex interactions between pathogen & host

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15
Q

what is opportunistic pathogens

A

normal microbiota become harmful if poortunity rises such as immunosuppression, disturbances in flora, barrier damage, organisms in unusual locations

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16
Q

what are pathogenic factors

A

1) Virulence (how likely to cause disease)
2) Invasiveness (chemicals that allow invasion/adhesion)
3) Toxins (Endotoxins released when cell lyses or dies) (exotoxins secreted by cells)

17
Q

what are host factors

A

1) compromised immune system
2) malnutrition
3) invasive procedure, injury, stress
4) other infections

18
Q

What are reservoirs of infection

A

human, animal, plant, soil, food, water, fomites (inanimate surfaces)

19
Q

What are the modes of transmission

A

Direct contact - fluid/skin
Airborn - Respiratory droplets
Contamination- water, food, fomites
animal contact

20
Q

what is a bactericide

A

it destroys bacteria

21
Q

what is bacteriostatic

A

inhibit growth of bacteria (not sterile)

22
Q

what is antiseptic

A

applied to body surface

23
Q

what is disinfectant

A

applied to surface of objects (not sterile)

24
Q

What are antibiotics

A

antimicrobial agents used in treatment & prevention of bacterial infections

25
Q

What are ideal antibiotics

A

Highly toxic to pathogen

  • favourable pharmodynamics (what the drug does to the body)
  • Favourable pharmokinetics (what the body does to the drug. eg. metabolism)
  • not likely to cause resistance
26
Q

what is antibiotic resistance

A

Bacteria are always reproducing by cloning. Sometimes there is mutation errors, causing abnormal bacteria to be produced & cloned further.These abnormal bacteria with the gene mutation sometimes prove to be a new resistant strain of bacteria. but since it’s only a few among millions its ok. When antibiotics are used when they aren’t needed they kill all the non-mutated bacteria & leave only the clones with mutations that allow the antibiotics to not work… so then these ones with mutation will continue to reproduce by cloning & now you only have the mutated resistant bacteria cloning & thriving while the susceptible bacteria has all died.

27
Q

what are some modes of antibiotic action

A
  • inhibit cel wall synthesis
  • inhbit protein synthesis
  • distrupt cell membrane
  • inhibit bacterial enzymes
  • inhibitDNA/RNA synthesis
28
Q

explain viruses generally

A

very small (0.2-0.02 um) (much smaller than bacteria)
not cellular (protein capsule surrounded by genetic material
-OBLIGTE INTRACELLULAR PARASITE
-can’t reproduce w/o host
-cannot produce eng..

29
Q

what is the structure of viruses

A 
genetic material = DNA/RNA
protein coat = capsid 
-some have protective envelope
-no cell membrane or organelles 
-viral spikes recognize & buds to SPECIFIC receptors on host cell membrane 
-geometric/symetrical shape
30
Q

what is viral host specificity

A

The viral spikes recognize specific receptors on specific host cells

  • Hepatitis -> hepatocyes
  • HIV -> T cells
  • norovirus -> epithelial cells of intestine
  • Rhinovirus -> lining of upper resp tract
31
Q

explain the general virus life cycle

A

1) viral spike recognizes host cell
2) virus enters cell
3) host cell makes viral RNA “transcription”
4) host synthesizes viral DNA
5) Host cell assembles virus
6) aquire a glycoprotein envelope as they exit
7) new virus

32
Q

explain the LYTIC CYCLE

A

“Virulent” ex. Cold sore

  • viruses assembled by host cell
  • cause host cell lysis when they escape
  • may be triggered by: Stress, decreased immune system, infection or tissue damage, environmental risk factors (heat, cold, UV light)
33
Q

explain the LYSOGENIC CYCLE

A

“temperate”

- viral DNA incorporated into host genome
- host replicate viral DNA as it divides
ex. Chickenpox/shingles

34
Q

what is an oncogenic virus

A

cancer coughing
-insertion of viral DNA into host genome may trigger transformation if genes that regulate cell division or growth (proton-oncogenes) are affected
-ex. Epstein barr virus -> burkitts lymphoma
papilloma virus -> cerival cancer
hepatitis b -> liver cancer

35
Q

How do you control viruses

A
  • ANTIBIOTICS DONT WORK
  • antiviral agents are often toxic to host
  • most disrupt viral life
  • most effective control of viruses is achieved by vaccination
36
Q

what is mycoses

A

disease caused by fungi

37
Q

characteristics of fungi

A

often opportunitistic, can be caused by use of antibiotics where normal flora are disturbed.
many antibiotics are made from fungi
(Athletes foot, ring work, candida, lung infection)

38
Q

characteristics of protozoa

A
  • most are non-pathogenic but some single celled eukaryotes are parasites
  • route of infection by oral ingestion or transmission by animals
    (eg. Malaria, toxoplasmosis, schistosomiasis, giardia)
39
Q

characteristics of metazoan

A

some muilticelular parasites cause disease

round works, tapeworms, flukes

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) (13 decks)

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