Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) > Non-specific immune review > Flashcards

Non-specific immune review Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 defining characteristics about the innate immune system

A

1) Present @ birth
2) Always at work
3) In place before exposure to a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 4 parts of innate defence

A

1) Physical barriers (1st line)
2) Cellular defence (2nd line)
3) Chemical defence (2nd line)
4) Inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the physical barriers

A

Skin & mucous membranes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 2 things that epithelial membranes do

A

1) physical barrier

2) produce secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the antimicrobial secretions

A

1) Acid
2) enzymes
3) Mucus
4) Defensins
5) Dermcidin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does acid do & where does it come from

A

Skin, Vagina, Stomach. Low pH inhibits bacterial growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what do the enzymes do and where do they come from

A

Lysozyme in tears/saliva - Lyses bacteria

Proteases - digest microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the mucus do and where does it come form

A

sticky secretions in resp/digest passage. Traps microorganisms.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what do defensives do

A

Antimicrobial peptides secreted by mucus membranes. . Inhibit bacterial & fungal growth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what do dermcidins do

A

secretions in sweat that are toxic to bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the main 2 phagocytes in cellular defence

A

1) Macrophages

2) Neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are macrophages

A

derived from monocyte that leaves circulation. It is free & wanders CT or it is fixed an stays in organs
-large phogcytes that engulf cellular debris, foreign particles, cells & present antigen to helper T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are neutrophils

A

most abundant in blood and CT.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is intracellular killing

A

engulf pathogens by phagocytosis (inside cell)

Lysosomal enzyme digest pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are toll like receptors

A

phagocytes have TLR’s that can recognize pathogen associated molecules on the surface of a pathogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is extacellular killing

A

happens outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 2 ways neutophils can do extracellular killing

A

1) Degranulation

2) Neutrophil extracellular trap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do neutrophils degranulate (3)

A

1) Proteases - protein digesting enzyme
2) DEfensins - peirce holes in cells
3) Free radicals - Causes respiratory/oxidative burst.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

explain neutrophil extracellular trap

A

Neutrophil dies b/c it releases it’s DNA as a last resort to kill bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are natural killer cells

A
  • Specific granular lymphocytes that recognize & attack abnormal cells
  • Immune surveillance
  • Release cytolytic chemicals that destroy virus infected cells/ cancer
  • patrol peripheral tissues
  • detect lower MHC-1 levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 steps of a natural killer cell

A

1) Recognize abnormal cell
2) Aim (align golgi apparatus)
3) Fire (Perforin makes holes, Granzymes enter cell)
4) Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

22
Q

What is natural flora

A
  • Bacteria that normal inhabit the epithelial surfaces
  • Protect against pathogens
  • increase competition & stimulate defence mechanisms.
23
Q

3 Things that bacteria would have to go through to get beneath the epithelium

A

1) protective layer or flora
2) Epithelium with tight junction
3) Phagocytes patrol (Macrophages, dendritic) the CT

24
Q

what is chemical defence

A

-Chemicals circulating in blood or related by Injured/infected cells & leukocytes

25
Q

what are pyrogens

A

chemicals released by phagocytes the have been exposed to pathogens.
-Cause a fever by altering the temperature set point in the hypothalamus. Increased temperature accelerates the repair and enhances the activity of immune cells.

26
Q

what are interferons

A

secreted by virus infected cells.

Interfere with viral replication in nearby cells that attract natural killer cells and macrophages

27
Q

what is complement

A
  • Group of plasma proteins
  • Made in liver
  • Circulate in blood
  • Activated by microbes (activation cascade)
28
Q

what is the general function of complement

A

complements the action of other immune defence mechanisms

29
Q

what are the 3 complement activation pathways

A

1) Classical pathway
2) Alternative pathway
3) Lectin pathway

30
Q

what is the classical complement pathway

A

complement contacts an antigen-antibody complex & becomes activated

31
Q

what is the alternative complement pathway

A

complement contacts the surface of a microbe and becomes activated

32
Q

what is the lectin complement pathway

A

Complement contacts plasma protein lectin bound to sugar mannose on the surface of a pathogen.

33
Q

what are the 4 main effects of complement activation

A

1) Enhances phagocytosis
2) Triggers Inflammation
3) Triggers chemotaxis
4) Causes cell lysis

34
Q

how does complement enhance phagocytosis

A

by coating pathogens (making them extra tasty)

35
Q

how does complement trigger inflammation

A

by causes MAST cels to release histamine

36
Q

how does complement trigger chemotaxis

A

creates a chemical trail that attracts leukocytes

37
Q

how does complement cause cell lysis

A

by forming a membrane attack complex. Makes holes in the cell membrane

38
Q

Explain the formation of the MAC complex

A

Cascade of activation events that results in a assembly of complement proteins (MAC) that inserts into the bacterial cell wall, forming pores/holes and causes lysis of cell as water flows n

39
Q

What is inflammation

A

non-specific response triggered by tissue injury, chemical irritation or pathogens

40
Q

what are the 4 cardinal signs of inflammation

A

1) Redness
2) Swelling
3) Heat
4) Pain

41
Q

What is margination

A

Leukocytes stick & role along inside of blood vessel wall. Attach to selecting expressed by the blood vessel endothelial cells

42
Q

what is diapedesis

A

WBC escape from blood into CT

43
Q

what is chemotaxis

A

WBC follow chemical trail to find damage/inflammation

44
Q

what do inflammatory chemical do

A

1) attract WBC (chemotaxis)
2) Make endothelium sticky (facilitate margination)
3) increase blood vessel permeability (facilitates diapedesis)
4) Vasodilation

45
Q

explain inflammatory process and how it contributes to healing

A

1) Infection/ injury
2) Basophils or mast cells release inflammatory mediators (histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, activated complement proteins)
3) this increases vasodilation, capillary permeability & attracts WBC via chemotaxis
4) The vasodilation causes hyperaemia (increased blood flow) which causes redness & heat which results in increased nutrition, repair & increased WBC. This all contributes to healing.
5) The increased capillary permeability allows fluid leakage & WBC to escape from blood into CT (DIAPEDESIS) this causes swelling & pain. It limits mobility & dilutes harmful substances. Contributes to healing
6) Chemotaxis attracts WBC, which fight pathogens & dispose of damaged cells, leading to healing.

46
Q

What do inflammatory mediators do

A

chemicals secreted by cells that trigger inflammation(ex. Histamine, prostaglandins, kinins)

47
Q

what do dendritic cells do

A

type of macrophage found in epidermis/mucous membranes. Engul cellular debris, foreign prarticles, cells & present antigen to help T cell

48
Q

What do performs do

A

proteins secreted by NK cells & cytotoxic cells that induce apoptosis by degrading cellular proteins & DNA

49
Q

What do granzymes do

A

enzymes released by NK cells & cytotoxic cells that induce apoptosis by degrading cellular proteins & DNA

50
Q

what do antigen presenting cells do

A

Display non-self antigen on Mhc2 to helper T cells

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions