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BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) > Lab 8 Digestive > Flashcards

Lab 8 Digestive Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion

A

process of breaking down food molecules that can be absorbed.

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2
Q

what is ingestion

A

food into mouth

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3
Q

what is propulsion

A

food moves through GI tract

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4
Q

what is mech. digestion

A

physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces

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5
Q

what is chem. digestion

A

breakdown of bonds in food molecules

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6
Q

what is secretion

A

release of chem/enzymes into the lumen go GI tract

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7
Q

what is absorption

A

movement of nutrients across mucosa into blood/lymph

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8
Q

what is defection

A

elimination through rectum/anus

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9
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract

A

1) Mucosa (3 layers)
2) Submucosa
3) Muscularis externa (2 layers
4) Serosa/ visceral peritoneum

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10
Q

what are the the 3 layers of the mucosa from deep to superficial

A

1) mucosa epithelium (stratified squamous or simple columnar)
2) Lamina propria (areolar CT)
3) muscular mucosae (thin layer of smooth muscle)

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11
Q

what is submucosa made of & what does it house

A
  • dense irreg Ct

- houses vasculature & nerves

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12
Q

what are the 2 layers of muscularis externa

A

Circular (inner)

Longitudinal (outer)

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13
Q

what is peristalsis

A

GI movement in 1 direction by longitudinal muscles

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14
Q

what is segmentation

A

GI movement in both directions by circular muscles

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15
Q

what is the serosa made of

A

areolar CT & simple squamous

-mesentaries attach

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16
Q

what are mesenteries

A

double layer of peritoneum

anchor most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity to parietal peritoneum

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17
Q

where is greater omentum

A

drapes over top of the coils of the small intestine

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18
Q

where is the lesser omentum

A

stabilizes position of stomach

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19
Q

what does the mesentery proper do

A

binds sm. intestine to post. ab wall

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20
Q

what does the mesocolon do

A

binds lrg. intestine to post. ab. wall

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21
Q

what does the falciform ligament do

A

stabilizes position of liver

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22
Q

what is the tissues of the mouth & pharynx

A

stratified squamous

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23
Q

what is the function of the oral cavity

A

food is analyzed (sensory receptors for gustation) & lubricated. Digestion is initiated

  • Mastication for physical digestion
  • soluabalizing to form bolus
  • Lingual lipase -enzymatic of lipids
  • salivary amylase - enzymatic of starch
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24
Q

what is the function of the tongue

A
  • manipulate food into bolus
  • papillae grip food
  • move food to back of mouth
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25
Q

where are taste buds located

A

between papillae

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26
Q

how many adult & baby teeth

A

(32 adult) (20baby)

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27
Q

how many incisors & what do they do

A

cut (2 sets)

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28
Q

how many canines & what do they do

A

tear/perice (1 set)

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29
Q

how many premolars & what do they do

A

crush (2 sets)

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30
Q

how many molars & what do they do

A

(3 sets) grind

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31
Q

what does the lingual frenulum do

A

attaches tongue to bottom of oral cavity

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32
Q

what is the function of the esophagus

A

move bolus to the stomach

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33
Q

the esophagus passes through which 2 ventral body cavities

A

thoracic & peritoneal

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34
Q

what is esophageal hiatus

A

opening in diaphragm that esophagus passes though on it’s way to ab. cavity

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35
Q

what lines the esophagus

A

stratifies squamous

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36
Q

what kind of digestion occurs in the stomach

A
  • enzymatic digestion of protein by pepsin

- mechanical digestion vis churning

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37
Q

what tissue lies the stomach

A

-simple columnar

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38
Q

what does the mucous neck cells of the stomach do

A

secrete mucous

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39
Q

what do the parietal cells of the stomach do

A

secrete HCL

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40
Q

what do the cheif cells of the stomach do

A

secret pepsinogen - activated into pepsin by HCL

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41
Q

what do the G cells do

A

secret gastrin (stimulates secretion of gastric secretions & increases peristalsis)

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42
Q

What are the 3 stuctures in the Small intestine that increase SA

A
  • Plicae circularis
  • Villi
  • microvilli
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43
Q

what do plicae circularis do

A

they are large folds of mucosal membrane

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44
Q

what are villi

A

finger like projections of mucosal surface

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45
Q

what are microvilli

A

“brush boarder” part of villi cells

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46
Q

what are the parts of the villus

A

lacteal - absorbs fat
capillary plexus
intestinal crypt - secretes digestive enzymes (alkaline)

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47
Q

what is the mucosa epithelium of the small intestine made of

A

simple columnar

48
Q

what happens in the duodenum

A

part of small intestine
hepatopancreatic ampulla delivers pile & pancreatic juice
-Function = neutralizes chyme, chemical digestion

49
Q

what is phyloic sphincter

A

controls stomach chyme entering duodenum

50
Q

what is the cardiac sphincter

A

prevents acidic contents of stomach from splashing into esophagus

51
Q

what does the jejunum do

A

chem. digestion & absorption

52
Q

what does the ill do

A

absorb nutrients & H20

53
Q

what is the function of the lrg instestine

A 
H20 reabsorption 
compassion & starch 
absorb some vat's 
many bacteria that protect, digest, & stimulate immune system 
produce Vit K & vit. B
54
Q

what are movements of the lrg intestine called

A

mass peristalsis

55
Q

what is the large intestine lined with

A

goblet cells that produce mucus

simple columnar

56
Q

what is the sigmoid colon

A

“S” shape part right before the rectum

57
Q

what is the teninae coli

A

reduced layer of longitudinal muscle (only 1 line)

58
Q

what are haustra

A

form the pockets & puckers of intestinal all

59
Q

what is the internal anal sphincter made of

A

smooth muscle.

60
Q

what is the external anal sphincter made of

A

skeletal muscle

61
Q

what does the elevator ani musc. do

A

supports pelvic organs, prevents urinary incontinence

62
Q

what is the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

secretes a basic solution that neutralizes the duodenum from acing cells to contribute to chemical digestion

63
Q

what is the function of the liver

A
  • metabolic factory & store
  • produces bile
  • storage or ire & fat soluble vitamins
  • breakdown RBC, hemoglobin & antibodies
  • synthesis of plasma proteins
64
Q

structures of liver

A

portal triad & central hepatic venules

65
Q

gallbladder function

A

stores & concentrates bile

66
Q

what are enzyme

A

specific class or proteins that lower activation energy of rxn’s. They are biological catalysts that change the rate of the rxn. without being altered or consumed

67
Q

what is a substrate

A

substance that an enzyme acts on. Bind to a specific region on the enzyme called the ACTIVE SITE. The enzyme changes shape slightly. The INDUCED FIT results from an enzyme substrate complex which facilitates the substrate into the product.

68
Q

what is salivary amylase

A

used to investigate substrate specificity. Hydrolyzes covalent bonds between glucose in certain polysaccharides.

69
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

differ in the amount of branching & type of covalent bond in glucose molecules. Not all plant polysaccharides can be digested. They’ll be excrete in fees if they arne’t digested.

70
Q

what is benedicts reagent

A

It is used to monitor the products of salivary amylase reaction. It produces coloured precipitates in the presence of monosaccharides & some disaccharides after being heated. Strong base

71
Q

what does it mean if benedicts reagent has a blue precipitate

A

no sugar present

72
Q

what does it mean if benedicts reagent has a orange/yellow precipitate

A

glucose of other mono/dissacharides are present

73
Q

What are environmental controls

A

they ensure that the changes observed are due to the variable being tested.
Seves as a basis for comparison in the interpretation of experimental results.

74
Q

what is a negative control

A

produces no effects ( when no effect is expected) it demonstrates a negative result

75
Q

what is a positive control

A

it shows positive result. Uses treatment know to produce an effect

76
Q

What was the purpose of the salivary amylase starch digestion experiment

A

we wanted to know if salivay amylase can hydrolysis all polysaccharides. We found out that it cannot digest cellulose.

77
Q

each enzyme has an optimum ph for binding…

A

usually 6-8

78
Q

what is buret reagent used for

A

to test for the presence of proteins & peptides

79
Q

what does blue for buiret reagent mean

A

no peptides or proteins

80
Q

what does purple mean from buiret. reagent

81
Q

what does pink from buiret. reagent mean

82
Q

what is pepsin’s optimal ph

83
Q

enzyme + Substrate -> enzyme-substrate complex ->

A

enzyme & product

84
Q

activity of enzyme is affected by…

A

Temp, Ph, inhibitors, activators, cofactors

85
Q

what is the action of the digestive enzyme

A

brings about hydrolysis

86
Q

what is hydrolysis

A

chemical process where water is added across a covalent bond resulting in splitting or lysis of molecule
-This happens to proteins, cards & lipids

87
Q

what is salivary amylase secreted by

A

serous cells of salivary glands

88
Q

what is the substrate of salivary amylase

89
Q

what is the product of salivary amylase & starch

A

disaccharides (ex. maltose)

90
Q

what is pancreatic amylase secreted by

A

secreted by acinar cells of pancreas

91
Q

what is the substrate of pancreatic amylase

92
Q

what is the products of pancreatic amylase & starch

A

disaccharides (ex. maltose)

93
Q

what are disaccharidases secreted by?

A

epithelium of small intestine

94
Q

what is the substrate of disaccharidases

A

disaccharides

95
Q

what is the product of disaccharidases & disaccharides

A

monosaccharides

96
Q

what i pepsin secreted by

A

chief cells in the stomach

97
Q

what is the substrate of pepsin

98
Q

what is the product of pepsin-protein complex

99
Q

What secretes chymotrypsin, trypsin, and carboxypeptidases (Into duodenum)

A

acing cells of the pancreas

100
Q

what is the substrate of chymotrypsin, trypsin, and carboxypeptidases

101
Q

what is the product of cymotrypsin, trypsin, and carboxypeptiases and starch

A

disaccarides

102
Q

what secretes dipeptidases & peptidases

A

epithelium of sm. intestine

103
Q

what is the substrate of dipeptidases & peptidases

A

dipeptides

104
Q

what is the product of dipeptidases & peptidases

A

amino acids

105
Q

what secretes lipase

A

lingual glands & acing cells are pancreas

106
Q

what is the substrate of lipase

A

triglycerides

107
Q

what is the product of lipase & triglycerides

A

3 fatty acids & glycerol, or 2 fatty acids & 1 monoglyceride

108
Q

what secretes nucleases

A

secreted by acinar cells of pancreas

109
Q

what is the substrate of nucleases

110
Q

what is the product of nucleases

A

nucleotides

111
Q

what secreted nucleosidases

A

epithelium of small intestine

112
Q

what is the substrate of nucleosidases

A

nucleotides

113
Q

what is the product of nucleosidases & nucleotides

A

components of nucleotides (Nitrogenous base, ribose, deoxyribose + sugar)

114
Q

when are pipettes used

A

for volumes less than 10ml

-always check for cracks first

115
Q

what is a serological/blow out pipette

A

expel all fluid

116
Q

what is a mohr pipette

A

tip not expelled

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) (13 decks)

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