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BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) > Digestive anatomy review > Flashcards

Digestive anatomy review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the general function of the digestive system

A

1) Ingestion/eating -food intake
2) Digestion - mechanical (crush/mix) or chemical (enzymatic breakdown)
3) Absorption - Nutrient absorbed by epithelial cells into blood/lymph
4) Egestion - defecation - excretion of undigested food

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2
Q

Layers of the alimentary canal/GI tract from inside to out

A

1) Lumen
2) Epithelium (mucosa)
3) Lamina propria (mucosa)
4) Muscularis mucosa (mucosa)
5) Submucosa CT
6) Circular layer ( Muscularis externa)
7) Longitudinal layer (muscularis externa)

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3
Q

What does the longitudinal muscle do to propel food

A

Shortens the canal (wider)

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4
Q

what does the circular muscle do to propel food

A

(lenghtens & narrows)

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5
Q

It the propulsion of food through the canal neural or hormonal control?

A

both

& it’s 2 separate movements

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6
Q

What does peristalsis do

A

propels food toward the anus

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7
Q

what does the peristaltic reflex do

A

stretching go the smooth muscle by food triggers the contraction proximal to the bolus & to relax distally

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8
Q

what is segmentation

A

a back & forth moving

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9
Q

what are mesenteries & their function

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum extending from organ to body wall
hold intraperitoneal organs in place & provide a network for Blood vessels & nerves

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10
Q

what does retroperitoneal mean

A

outside the peritoneal cavities

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11
Q

what organs are retroperitoneal

A

Rectum
Duodenum
Pancreas
Ascending/descending colon

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12
Q

What are the 2 ventral(anterior) mesenteries

A

1) Falciform ligament

2) Lesser momentum

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13
Q

explain falciform ligament

A

attaches liver to the diaphragm & ventral wall

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14
Q

explain the lesser omentum

A

attaches lesser curvature of stomach to liver

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15
Q

what are the 3 dorsal/posterior mesenteries

A

1) Greater omentum
2) mesentery proper
3) Mesocolon

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16
Q

what does the greater omentum do

A

Drapes over coils of small intestine, attaches greater curvature of stomach to dorsal wall

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17
Q

what does the mesentery proper do

A

links coils of jejunum & ileum & binds to dorsal wall

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18
Q

what does the mesocolon do

A

large sheet that attaches transverse & sigmoid colon to the dorsal wall

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19
Q

What does the tongue do

A

glossal muscles manipulate food to form a bolus

anchored to the floor by frenulum

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20
Q

what do the papillae/bumps on the tongue do

A

Grip food, associated with glands that secrete lingual lipase ( fat digesting)

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21
Q

where are tastebuds/sensory chemoreceptors

A

in the pits between papillae

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22
Q

how many teeth

A

32 adult, 20 deciduous

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23
Q

what do incisors do

A

Bite & grip. 4 pairs

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24
Q

what do canine/cupid do

A

tearing (2 pairs)

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25
Q

what do premolars/bicuspid do & molars

A

chew/grind (8) 12 molars

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26
Q

what is the function of the salivary glands

A
  • exocrine
  • moisten & dissolve food
  • Antimicrobial b/c lysozyme & IgA antibodoes
  • buffers acids
  • lubricated bolus
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27
Q

where are parotid salivary glands

A

cheek

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28
Q

where are sublingual salivary glands

A

under tongue

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29
Q

where are submandibular salivary glands

A

floor of mouth (secret 70%)

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30
Q

What is the epithelium of the esophagus made of

A

Non-keratinized stratified squamous

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31
Q

what do the submucosal mucus glands do in the esophagus

A

lubricate bolus

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32
Q

what does the cardiac/esophageal sphincter do

A

regulates food into stomach

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33
Q

Explain how swallowing/deglutition occurs

A

initiated voluntarily but proceeds automatically

34
Q

Explain the swallow reflex

A

1) initiated when bolus contacts uvula
2) Pharyngal muscles contract to push food into esophagus
3) Peristalsis moves food toward stomach

35
Q

what is the fundus of the stomach

A

the top part

36
Q

what is the pylorus of the stomach

A

bottom b4 sphincter

37
Q

what does the pyloric sphincter do

A

between stomach & duodenum

38
Q

function of the stomach & special feature

A

Storage organ w/ ruggae folds that expand

Had an additional oblique muscle in the muscularis

39
Q

What do the gastric pits of the stomach do

A

house the gastric bands

40
Q

what do the mucous neck cells of the stomach do

A

secrete mucous

41
Q

what do the parietal cells of the stomach do

A

secrete HCL and intrinsic factor (required for B12 reabsorption)

42
Q

What do the Chief cells of the stomach do

A

secrete pepsinogen (which is activated by HCL to become pepsin which is an enzyme that digests proteins)

43
Q

what do the g cells in the stomach do

A

secret gastrin (stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility)

44
Q

what ph is gastric juice

A

2

45
Q

What is acid chyme

A

acidic food paste via stomach churning. Moves through pyloric sphincter into duodenum

46
Q

What are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine

A

1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Illium

47
Q

describe the duodenum

A
  • proximal
  • main-site or enzymatic digestion/chemical
  • recieves pancreatic juice
  • receives bile from gallbladder (produced in liver)
48
Q

Describe the Jejunum & Illium

A

huge SA specialized for absorption of water & nutrients. Also secrete digestive enzymes

49
Q

What are the plicae chambers of the sm. intestine

A

large fold in the mucosal membrane

50
Q

what are the villi in the sm. intestine

A

finger like projections on the mucosal surface

51
Q

what are the microvilli in the sm. intestine

A

folds in apical surface of epithelial cells -> form brush boarder membrane

52
Q

What do the goblet cells secrete in sm. intestine

A

mucus

53
Q

what do the crypt cells secrete in sm. intestine

A

digestiv eenzymes

54
Q

what do the brunners gland secrete in small intestine.

A

produce alkaline secretion

55
Q

What is the function of the large intestine

A

1) water reabsorption
2) Compaction/ storage of feces
3) absorption of some vitamins
4) many non-pathogenic bacteria called coliform
- Protect, digest, stimulate immune system, produce vit.K & vit. B’s

56
Q

What is the inside of the large intestine like

A

Simple columnar, no villi, lots of goblet cells

57
Q

what is mass peristalsis & where does it take place

A

Strong contractions of the large intestine

58
Q

what is the ileocecal valve

A

connect the ilium to the cecum (appendix is part of cecum)

59
Q

what is the taenia coli

A

3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle. slow strong contraction -creates pouches

60
Q

what is haustra

A

pouches in large intestine

61
Q

what is the internal anal sphincter made of

A

smooth muscle.

62
Q

what is the external anal sphincter made of

A

skeletal muscle

63
Q

what is the largest visceral organ

A

liver

64
Q

what is the function of the liver

A

1) Metabolic factory
- Recieves nutrients through digestive system -> metabolizes & stores
2) produces bile from cholesterol which emulsifies fats
3) inactivation of drugs, toxins & hormones
4) breaks down RBC, hemoglobin & antibodies
5) synthesis of plasma proteins (clotting factors, albumin, complement)

65
Q

The liver recieves ___ of cardiac output

A

25%

66
Q

what does the hepatic artery do

A

Delivers O2 rich blood from the heart

67
Q

what does the hepatic portal vein do

A

delivers nutrient rich blood from the digestive blood from the digestive system

68
Q

what does the hepatic vein do

A

drains deoxygenated blood into inferior vena cava

69
Q

what are the cells of the liver called

A

hepatocytes

70
Q

what is the functional unit of the liver called

A

a lobule (hexagon shape) forms portal triads connected by a central vein

71
Q

what is a portal triad

A

central vein in middle of lobule

on each corner there is a bile duct, portal venue & hepatic arteriole called a triad

72
Q

what are sinusoids

A

nutrient rich blood percolates through these liver capillaries as it passes through, hepatocytes absorb & secrete materials in the blood stream

73
Q

what does the gall bladder do

A

stores & concentrates bile

74
Q

How is bile released (flow)

A

1) gallbladder contracts
2) Cystic duct
3) common bile duct
4) hepatopancreatic sphincter
5) duodenum

75
Q

How is bile stored (flow)

A

1) L&R hepatic ducts
2) Common hepatic ducts
3) Hepatopancreatic sphincter is closed so it goes up the mystic duct to the dilated gallbladder

76
Q

What are the pancreatic acidic

A

house exocrine, secrete pancreatic juice

77
Q

what is in pancreatic juice

A

1) Alkaline soln
2) lipase - digests lipids
3) Nucleases - digests RNA/DNA
4) Amylase - Digests starch
5) proteases -digests proteins

78
Q

What is the alkaline soln. in pancreatic juice

A

NaHCO3 that neutralizes HCL

79
Q

what are proteases actually secreted as from the pancreatic acini

A

Inactive Zymogens

80
Q

what are the 4 inactive zymogens

A

1) Chymotrypsinogen
2) Trypsinogen
3) procarboxypeptidase
4) elastase

81
Q

what does the pancreatic duct do

A

delivers pancreatic juice to hepatopancreatic sphincter & duodenum

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) (13 decks)

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