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BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) > lab 5 &6 Micro > Flashcards

lab 5 &6 Micro Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

5 categories of microorganisms

A

1) bacteria
2) virus
3) Protozoa
4) Fungi/molds
5) helminthes

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2
Q

is bacteria prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

prokaryotic

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3
Q

are protozoa & fungi/molds prokaryotes or eukaryotes

A

eukaryotic

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4
Q

what does bacillus anthracis cause?

A

anthrax (Bacterial)

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5
Q

what does chlamydia trachoma’s cause?

A

chlamydia (bacterial)

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6
Q

what does clostridium perfringens cause?

A

food poisoning/gangrene (bacterial)

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7
Q

what does e.coli cause?

A

food poisoning/ UTI (bacterial)

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8
Q

what does mycobacterium tuberculosis cause?

A

tuberculosis (bacterial)

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9
Q

what does pseudomonas aeruginosa cause?

A

can infect burns/ wounds (bacteria)

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10
Q

what does staphylococcus aureus cause?

A

toxic shock syndrome or pneumonia (bacterial)

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11
Q

what does streptococcus progenies cause?

A

necrotizing fasciitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever ( bacterial)

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12
Q

what does varicella zoster cause?

A

chickenpox/shingles (VIRAL)

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13
Q

what does parmyxovirus cause?

A

mumps/measles (VIRAL)

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14
Q

what does rubella cause?

A

german measles (VIRAL)

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15
Q

what does herpes cause?

A

cold sores/genital sores (VIRAL)

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16
Q

what does rhinovirus cause

A

common cold (VIRAL)

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17
Q

what does influenza cause?

A

the flu (VIRAL)

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18
Q

what does epstein-barr virus cause?

A

mono (VIRAL)

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19
Q

what does human papillomarvirus cause?

A

genital warts/ cervical cancer (VIRAL)

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20
Q

what does norovirus cause?

A

gastro-enteritis/stomach flu (VIRAL)

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21
Q

what does plasmodium cause?

A

malaria (PROTOZOA)

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22
Q

what does toxoplasma gondii cause?

A

harmful to fetus’s (it’s in litter boxes) (PROTOZOA)

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23
Q

what does entamoeba cause?

A

amoebic dysentery (gut infection) (PROTOZOA)

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24
Q

what does guardian cause?

A

abdominal cramps & diarrhea (PROTOZOA)

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25
Q

what is saccharomyces cerevisiae found in?

A

its a fungus found in bread/beer

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26
Q

what is penillium found in?

A

a fungus found antibiotic/cheese

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27
Q

what is candida albicans?

A

a fungus from a yeast infection

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28
Q

what is trichophyton?

A

a fungus from athletes foot

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29
Q

what is pneumocystis jirovecil?

A

a fungus that causes pneumonia

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30
Q

what is crypto coccus neoformans?

A

a fungus that causes meningitis

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31
Q

what is stachybotrys chartarum ?

A

a fungus that causes upper resp. tract symptoms

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32
Q

what is a pathogen

A

organism capable of causing disease

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33
Q

examples of times when specimen collection is important

A
  • sputum sample cannot have saliva
  • urine may need to be midstream
  • urine specimens must be refrigerated
  • may need “holding medium” for bacterial survival
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34
Q

is macconkeys agar selective or differential

A

both

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35
Q

how is macconkeys agar differential

A

contains lactose, peptone & a colour indicator

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36
Q

what do the colours mean in macconkeys agar

A

red/pink=intestinal flora

white/colorless = pathogenic intestinal organisms

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37
Q

how is macconkeys selective?

A

components inhibit growth of non enteric bacteria w/ gram +, while permitting only gr- enteric to grow.

38
Q

what is another name for culture & sensitivity test

A

kirby bauer test

39
Q

what is the purpose of a streak plate

A

to isolate only a few bacteria in quad 4

40
Q

what is an antibiotic

A

substance prevents growth of disease causing microorganisms

41
Q

what is antiseptic

A

prevents growth of disease causing microorganisms

42
Q

what is aseptic

A

free from microorganisms

43
Q

what is bactericidal

A

substance that kills bateria (disinfectant, antiseptic, etc)

44
Q

what is bacteriostatic

A

stops them from reproducing

45
Q

what is incubation

A

provides optimal conditions for bacterial growth

46
Q

what is colony morphology

A

-shape of colony w/ naked eye
-shape, edge, surface & elevation
umbonate = nipple elevation(LOL)
crateriform = inverted nipple (LOL)

47
Q

what does coccus mean

A

round

48
Q

what does bacillus mean

A

rod

49
Q

what does spirillum mean

A

curved/coiled

50
Q

what does diploids mean

A

2

51
Q

what does strepto mean

A

chain

52
Q

what does staphylo mean

A

cluster

53
Q

how are gram stained cells classified by

A

cell wall (peptidoglycan or lipopolysaccharide over thin peptidoglycan)

54
Q

what is special about lipopolysaccharides

A

the lipid in this area can trigger fever & shock

55
Q

if a cell is purple…

A

it is rich in peptidoglycan (GRAM +)

56
Q

if a cell is pink

A

it is rich in lipopolysaccharide (GRAM -)

57
Q

what is heat fixing

A

kills bacteria & adheres it to slide

58
Q

what does crystal violet do

A

stains peptidoglycan (especially gr +)

59
Q

what does grams iodine do

A

forms insoluble complex with crystal violet (fixes the stain to the cell wall)

60
Q

what does acetone-alcohol do

A

dehydrates cell, trap crystal violet/iodine complex

-in gr- it dissolves the lipoloysaccharide in outer membrane & washes away excess stain

61
Q

what does safranin do

A

stains inner peptidoglycan coat of gr- and makes them pink

62
Q

what are the steps of staining

A

water in circle, put bacteria on, beatrix, crystal V, rinse, iodine, no rinse, acetone-alcohol, rinse, safarin, rinse

63
Q

what is a permissive agar

A

allows growth of any

64
Q

what is an indicator agar

A

organisms not selected on basis of growth, but a compound of agar is altered by the bacteria so as to change the color of colonies & agar itself

65
Q

what should be known about a blood agar plate

A

enriched media used to isolate organisms that require more nutrition
its a differential media used to detect hemolytic activity

66
Q

what is B-hemolytic activity

A

will show a complete lysis of RBC (B CLEAR, CLEAR ZONE)

67
Q

what is Alpha hemolytic activity

A

will show green partial lyse (A GREEN LYSE, A=GREEN)

68
Q

what is y-hemolysis

A

no hemolytic activity

69
Q

what is the macconkey agar designed to do

A

designed to grow gram - bacteria & stain them for lactose fermentation

70
Q

On the macconkey agar: if its able to eat lactose

A

shows that it’s an enteric (gut) bacteria

71
Q

what does MAC agar contain

A
  • bile salts (inhibits non enteric)
  • crystal violet (inhibit gram +)
  • neutral red dye (stains microbes that ferment lactose)
  • lactose
  • pepton
72
Q

what does MAC agar differentiate between

A

lac + and lac -

73
Q

how will lac + look on MAC agar

A

(ex. Ecoli) it’ll produce acid which lowers pH. They will be RED/ PINK (they LOVE lactose !! so they’re pink)

74
Q

how will lac- look

A

cannot utilize lactose so will use the peptone. Forms ammonia which raises agar ph. Colonies are white/colorless

75
Q

what kind of a diagnosis is macconkey agar good for

A

diarrhea b/c it cane caused by salmonella or ecoli

salmonella cannot eat lactose

76
Q

what does enteric mean

A

lives in gut

77
Q

what does aerobic mean

A

needs O2 to grow

78
Q

what does anaerobic mean

A

can grow without O2

79
Q

what does pathogenic mean

A

causes disease

80
Q

what would it mean in no colony on BAP

A

no bacteria or was somehow bile

81
Q

colony on mac

A

gr - and is enteric

red = can eat lactose, white = cannot

82
Q

white colony on mac=

A

gram - , enteric, cannot eat lactose

83
Q

pink colony on mac=

A

gr-, enteric & lac +

84
Q

no growth on Mac or BAP

A

no bacteria or killed

85
Q

no growth on bap but some on MAC

A

contamination

86
Q

factors for choosing an antibiotic

A

price, allergy, interactions, side effects & resistance

87
Q

causes of nosocomial infections

A

not washing hands, improper use of antibiotics, unclean equipment

88
Q

what are the impacts of nosocomial infections

A

3x longer hospital stay, death, lost limbs, disability

89
Q

how to prevent nosocomial infections

A

hand wash, prompt catheter remove, PPE, aseptic technique

90
Q

what is MRSA

A

methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (hard to treat)

91
Q

what is VRE

A

vancomycin resistant enterococcus

hard to treat & can live a long time on objects

92
Q

why are resistant bacteria so hard to treat

A

the antibiotics won’t work

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) (13 decks)

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