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BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) > Specific immune review > Flashcards

Specific immune review Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the specificity of the adaptive defence

A

it recognizes & destroys specific foreign (non-self) substances

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2
Q

explain specific immune memory

A

initial response to pathogen is slow, but subsequent responses are rapid

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3
Q

what is an antigen

A

substance that can be recognized by immune system as foreign. These trigger antibody production.
(could be proteins, lipids, polysaccharides on surface or bacteria, fungi, viruses or other non- self things)
causes reactivity & immunogenicity.

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4
Q

what is immunogenicity

A

stimulates lymphocyte proliferation & antibody production

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5
Q

what is the antigen deteminent (epitope)

A

Part of antigen that specifically recognize & react w/ antibody

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6
Q

What are the major histocompatibility complex proteins

A

special proteins on the surface of all body cells, genetically unique to each person. Coded by MHC genome, an inherited combination from mom and dad

  • Important in determining tissue compatibility for organ transplant
  • *synthesized & exported, they pick u small peptides from the inside of the cell & display them. It shows that it’s health & normal
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7
Q

do all cells have MHC 2 & MHC 1?

A

all cells express class 1, only some have class 2.

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8
Q

What are peptide fragments

A

they are what is presented by MHC & allow the immune system to differentiate normal from bad

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9
Q

What are antibodies/immunoglobulins

A

Gamma globulin proteins in blood that bind to specific antigens to from antigen-antibody complexes

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10
Q

explain the antibody structure

A

4 Peptide chains (2 light, 2 heavy)

  • Each chain has a constant region & a variable region.
  • Variable region differes - recognizes & binds to a specific antigen (there are 100’s of different ones)
  • Immune system can make an antibody that’ll specifically recognize ANY foreign antigen
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11
Q

What are the 5 major classes of antibodies

A

1) IgG
2) IgM
3) IgA
4) IgD
5) IgE

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12
Q

Explain IgG antibody class

A

1) it is the most common one in blood
2) it protects against VIRUSES
3) it activates complement
4) Monomer = small, can cross placenta

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13
Q

Explain IgM antibody class

A

1) First antibodies to appear following antigen exposure
2) Activates complement
3) Pentamer = large

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14
Q

explain IgA antibody class

A

1) Found in saliva, sweat, tears, mucus, semen, and breast milk
2) Prevents attachment of viruses/bacteria to epithelial surface
3) dimer = 2

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15
Q

Explain IgD antibody class

A

1) Found on the surface of B cells
2) it’s a B cell receptor
3) Binding to antigens can activate B cells
4) monomer= small

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16
Q

explain IgE antibody class

A

1) Attaches to receptors on mast cells/basophils
2) interaction w/ antigen causes histamine release - inflammation/allergic reaction
3) monomer

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17
Q

What do cytotoxic T Cells do

A

T cells that secrete performs and granzymes to destroy abnormal, virus infected or transplanted cells

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18
Q

what do Helper T cells do

A

Secrete cytokines that mobilize other immune cells

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19
Q

what do memory cells do

A

long lived T & B cells that are produced following exposure to an antigen & provide immunity for years

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20
Q

what do APCS do ( antigen presenting cells)

A

Both specific & non specific

Display non-self antigen on MHC-2 to helper T cells

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21
Q

what do B cells do

A

antigen presenting cells, differentiate into plasma cells

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22
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

B lymphocytes that secrete antibodies

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23
Q

what do antibodies do

A

proteins secreted by plasma cells that circulate in the blood where they recognize & bind to foreign antigens

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24
Q

What are the 5 functions of antibodies

A

1) Neutralization
2) Opsinization
3) percipitation
4) Agglutination
5) Complement activation

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25
Q

Explain Antibody neutralization

A

-Antibody binds to antigen. Blocks activity & prevents virus from entering a cell/ prevents a bacteria cell from attaching

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26
Q

explain antibody opsination

A

antibodies coat foreign cells/molecules & allow macrophages attachment so they can be easily phagocytized

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27
Q

Explain antibody precipitation

A

soluble antigens (toxins) rendered insoluble when antibodies bind. This causes they to precipitate out of solution.

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28
Q

explain antibody agglutination

A

clumping cells together due to antigen/antibdoy cross linking

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29
Q

explain antibody complement activation

A

antigen-antibody complexes activate complement. Which triggers the production of inflammatory chemicals & cell lysis (membrane attack complex)

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30
Q

bigger picture of how an antigen-antibody complex effects immune

A

1) it inactivates antigens by
-neutralization
-opsinization
-agglutination
-Precipitation
which enhances phagocytosis
2) It activates complement which
-enhances phagocytosis, enhances inflammation
-leads to cell lysis

31
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

special defence cells with unique receptors that can recognizant & respond to specific antigens

32
Q

Main characteristics of B ells

A
  • Mature in bone marrow
  • Involved in antibody production
  • Humoral immunity (immune response based on antibody production)
  • immture B lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue to encounter antigens
  • Each cell has a unique B cell receptor
33
Q

Main characteristics of T cells

A
  • mature in thymus
  • Differentiate into several subtypes (Helper-T, Regulatory T, Cytotoxic T)
  • cell mediated immunity
34
Q

What is humeral immunity

A

B cells & production of antibodies.
Involves CLONAL SELECTION: proliferation by mitosis of those cells that recognize/bind to a specific antigen. Army of clones that target specific antigen

35
Q

What is a B cell receptor

A

an IgD antibody expressed to the surface to interact with a specific antigen

36
Q

B cells can differentiate into..

A

1) Plasma cells - secrete antibodies (each b cell has a unique antibody on its surface)
2) Memory B cells - long lived cells (provide long term specific immunity to particular antigen)

37
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

secrete antibodies

38
Q

What needs to happen for differentiation to be able to occur

A

Usually require activation of helper T cells which secrete cytokines

39
Q

Explain Humoral immunity - Primary response (1st encounter with pathogen in lymphoid tissue)

A

1) Antigen recognition
- By b cells with a complementary antibody receptor (IgD)
2) Sensitizes B cell
- Costimulation from helper T cell
3) Activates B cell
- Clonal selection: The activated population of B cells divide & produces genetically identical cells
- Somatic Hypermutation: Creates super B cells w/ high antigen affinity
4) Differentiation occurs:
- some become plasma cells
- some become memory b cells
5) The plasma cells secrete lots of low affinity IgM antibodies, specific to antigen

40
Q

why is somatic hypermutation

A

activated B cells create super B cells with high antigen affinity

41
Q

Explain Humoral immunity - Secondary response ( secondary encounter with pathogen)

A

1) Memory T cells
- rapidly produce hi affinity IgG antibodies
2) Illness is prevented

42
Q

what is antibody titer

A

measure of antibody concentration in blood, an indication of immunity

43
Q

what 2 cells does cell mediated immunity involve

A

1) Involves T cells

2) Antigen presenting cells

44
Q

what is T-cell self tolerance

A

won’t attack own cells

45
Q

What is positive & negative selection of T cells

A
  • Positive selection: T cell must recognize your MHC proteins
  • Negative selection: T cells must not react/attack your self-antigens (MHC)
46
Q

What are the 3 main types of T cells

A

1) Helper T cells / CD4+ Cells
2) Cytotoxic T cells / CD8+ cells
3) Regulatory T cells (suppressor cells)

47
Q

What do helper T cells do

A

Secrete Cytokines (eg. Interluekins)

48
Q

what do cytokines from helper T cells do

A

activate phagocytes
Trigger inflammation
Stimulate division/activate other T & B cells

49
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do

A

Secretion lymphotoxin (eg. Granzymes, perforins)

50
Q

what lymphotoxin do

A

Direct killing of virus infected cells, cancer cells, diseased cells by the same mechanisms of NK cells

51
Q

what do regulatory T cells do

A

Secrete inhibitory cytokines

52
Q

what do inhibitory cytokines do

A

Suppress T & B cell activity

stops lymphocyte activity

53
Q

What do antigen presenting cells do (eg. Dendritic)

A

1) Phagocytize/ ingest pathogens
2) Process pathogens & present foreign antigens in MHC II to T cells
3) Activates T cells

54
Q

why do we need antigen presenting cells

A

because T cells can only see antigen if its presented in MHC

55
Q

where does antigen presentation usually occur

A

in lymphoid tissue

56
Q

What do virus infected cells do

A

present foreign antigens - attach MHC protein on cell surface
this will activate T cells

57
Q

what do sensitized B cells do

A

Endoytosis of antigen - present foreign antigen attached to MHC protein on cell surface.
This activates T cells

58
Q

who can activate T cells

A

1) APC (Dendritic)
2) Virus infected cells
3) Sensitized B cells

59
Q

What is dendritic cells role

A
  • Professional APCS
  • phagocytes
  • reside in tissues that are in contact w/ external environment.
  • Often the first leukocyte to encounter a pathogen
  • constantly sample environment for viruses/ bacteria
  • migrate to lymph nodes where they’re presenting antigens to activate specific T & B cells
60
Q

Explain class 1 MHC

A

all cells present normal self peptide fragments in MHC 1. If they start presenting abnormal on MHC 1 = kill me.

61
Q

what would displaying abnormal cell fragments one MHC1 do?

A

activates cytotoxic T cells to destroy abnormal cells

62
Q

Explain class 2 MHC

A
  • only APC’s have it

- means “find this & destroy it”

63
Q

what does class 2 MHC activate

A

HELPER T cells /CD4+ cells

64
Q

What do they helper T cells do when they are activated

A

release cytokines that cause cell division

65
Q

Explain step by step: Antigen presentation in MHC-1 By virus infected cell

A

1) Virus infected cell
2) infected cell makes viral proteins
3) Infected cell presents viral proteins/antigens in MHC-1
4) specific cytotoxic T cell secretes chemicals (perforins & granzymes) that destroy infected cell
6) Apoptosis (cell death)

66
Q

Explain step by step: Antigen presentation in MHC-2 by a phagocyte (Dendritic cell or macrophage)

A

1) Phagocytosis of pathogen
2) Procession of bacterial antigens in phagolysosome
3) bacterial antigen fragments displayed in MHC-2
4) Specific T helper cell activated by interaction with antigen/MHC2 couples
5) Helper T cell releases Cytokines that attract & activate other leukocytes (B cells)
and the helper T Divdes to produce ore helper T cells and long lived memory helper T cells

67
Q

Explain step by step: Antigen presentation in MHC-2 by a B cell

A

1) B cell receptor interacts w/ a specific bacterial or viral antigen - this sensitizes it
2) B cell endocytosis of antigen & presents Antigen in MHC-2
3) Specific helper T cell interacts w/ antigen/MHC complex. This activate the T cell division
4) Helper T cell releases Cytokines that activate B cell. This is called co-stimulation
5) Activated B cells Divide pricing clones, plasma cells & memory B cells

68
Q

What is active naturally acquired immunity

A

being infected with a pathogen & forming memory T & B cells & antibodies

69
Q

what is passive, naturally acquired immunity

A

Receiving antibodies from mother @ birth via breastmilk, placenta

70
Q

what is active artificial acquired immunity

A

vacine -> form memory T & B cells & antibodies

71
Q

what is passive artificially acquired immunity

A

gamma globulin injection that just gives u antibodies

72
Q

What is immunodeficiency

A

decreased production of normal T & B cells, complement phagocytes or antibodies
ex. Hdgekins lymph node cancer, AIDS (destruction of Helper T

73
Q

what is autoimmune disease

A

Failure to distinguish self from non-self
ex. MS (myeline sheath attacked), Hashimoto (thyroid attacked), rheumatoid arthritis (joint) type 1 diabetes (beta cells) lupus (everything)

74
Q

Immunoglobulines are composed of …

A

peptide chains

BIO 153 final (Lab Exam + Lecture) (13 decks)

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