Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AEU > Urinary system - anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Urinary system - anatomy and physiology Flashcards

see paper flashcards for diagrams

1
Q

How much water should a cow take in a day?

A
  • 70-150 litres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What content/intake/output depends on what?

A
  • age
  • sex
    -degree of obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How much water intake is normal?

A
  • 2300 ml/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How much water is excreted in urine?

A

1400 ml/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a major organ involved in the urinary system?

A
  • kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does insensible mean?

A
  • not easily measured (e.g., like evaporative)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the function of the kidney?

A
  • rid body of waste materials
  • regulation of water and electrolyte balances
  • regulation of arterial pressure
  • regulation of acid-base balance - maintaining pH of blood
  • Regulation of erythrocyte production
  • gluconeogenesis (making new glucose from different stores to normal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do kidneys filter plasma to rid body of wate materials?

A
  • clear unwanted substances via blood > urine
  • return necessary substances to blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are waste products from filtering plasma?

A
  • urea - from metabolism of amino acids
  • creatinine (from muscle creatine)
  • uric acid (from nucleic acids)
  • end products of haemoglobin breakdown (Bilirubin)
    *metabolites of various hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do kidneys also eliminate from the body?

A
  • most toxins and other foreign substances produced by the body or ingesta
  • e.g., pesticides, drugs, food additives
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How can the kidney’s regulate water and electrolyte balances?

A
  • maintenance of homeostasis - excretion of water and electrolytes must match intake
  • Alter sodium excretion in response to changes in sodium intake - also water, chloride, potassium and calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can be used to measure kidney disfunction?

A
  • urea and creatinine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is hyperbilirubinemia?

A
  • jaundice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How do kidneys regulate arterial pressure in the long-term?

A
  • important role by excreting variable amounts of sodium and water
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do kidneys regulate arterial pressure in the short term?

A
  • by secreting hormones and vasoactive factors (has quick arteries contract) or substances (renin)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do the kidneys regulate acid-base balance and maintain pH of the blood?

A
  • excretes acids
  • together with lungs (carbonic acid is formed from carbonic dioxide)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How do kidneys regulate erythrocyte production?

A
  • kidneys secrete erythropoietin which stimulates production if red blood cells
  • one important stimulus for erythropoietin secretion is hypoxia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the kidneys function in gluconeogenesis?

A
  • kidneys synthesis glucose from amino acids and other precursors during prolonged fasting = gluconeogenesis
  • can add glucose to the blood during prolonged fasting as rapidly as liver
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A
  • hyperventilation that increased blood pH
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why are kidneys heavily vascularised?

A
  • due to large amounts of filtering
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How much cardiac output do kidneys receive?

A
  • 25%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How much plasma is converted into filtrate?

A
  • 20%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do the kidneys to to plasma and with retained cells and protein?

A
  • they convert 20% of plasma to filtrate and the first bit is filtered out of blood
  • retain cells and proteins in the circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How much filtrate is reabsorbed?

A
  • all but 1% of filtrate is reabsorbed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How often is the entire circulatory volume filtered and reabsorbed?

A
  • 30 minutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Glomerular filtration rate and therefore kidney function is dependent on what?

A
  • blood flow to kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A
  • way of measuring how much filtrate is being produced
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What’s included in the upper urinary tract?

A
  • ureter
  • kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What’s included in the lower urinary tract?

A
  • urethra
  • bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where is the right kidney situated?

A
  • right kidney is more cranial to left
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A
  • adrenal glands cranial and medial to kidney
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the cortex?

A
  • outer part of kidney
  • contains glomerulus and convoluted tubules
  • outside - renal capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the medulla?

A
  • inner part
  • contains majority of the length of nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the pelvis?

A
  • centre of kidney
  • collects urine - funnelled to ureter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Where is renal artery from?

A
  • from the aorta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Where does the renal vein go?

A
  • to inferior vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the renal pyramid?

A

= triangular section of the medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Where is the renal calyx and what does it contain?

A
  • at apex of pyramids
  • contains renal papilla > minor calyx > major calyx > renal pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where does urine production begin?

A
  • begins with filtration in the renal corpuscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the glomerular filtrate?

A
  • components of plasma (blood) which are filtered from the glomerulus into the bowman’s capsule
  • is the volume of fluid filtered from the glomerular capillaries into the Bowmans capsule per unit time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The compositions of glomerular filtrate and urine are …

A
  • different
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

When does the composition of the filtrate change?

A
  • changes as it flows through the nephron tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What can kidneys not regenerate?

A
  • cannot regenerate nephrons
  • thus with age/disease nephrons decrease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the kidney good at coping with if its lost?

A
  • very good at coping as an organ system with losing nephrons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Azotaemia (elevated blood urea/creatinine) doesn’t occur until what parentage loss of nephrons?

A
  • 65-75% nephron loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

To test kidney function we used to wait till there were elevations in BUN/CRE - what test is more sensitive than this?

A
  • symmetric dimethylarginine = SDMA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are the four major processes of the kidney (nephron)?

A
  1. filtration of substances in the blood (afferent)
  2. reabsorption of substances from the renal tubules into the blood
  3. secretion of substances from the blood into the renal tubules (at the same time)
  4. excretion of waste product
48
Q

Equation for excretion?

A

excretion = filtration - reabsorption + secretion

49
Q

How do water and other small molecules cross into or out of cells?

A
  • diffusion
  • primary active
  • secondary active transport
50
Q

How does diffusion occur?

A
  • passive or facilitated
  • though a channel or a carrier down a energy gradient and doesn’t use ATP
51
Q

How does primary active transport occur?

A
  • pump mediated
  • required ATP goes against an energy gradient - only happens one way and highly selective
52
Q

How is secondary active transport mediated?

A
  • carrier mediated
53
Q

What is passive transport?

A
  • movement of molecules within and across the cell membrane = through the concentration gradient, without using ATP
54
Q

Does passive transport require carrier proteins?

A
  • no
55
Q

How fast is passive transport?

A
  • relatively slow process
56
Q

What direction does passive transport go in?

A
  • bidirectional
57
Q

Is passive transport selective?

A
  • partly non-selective
58
Q

Is passive transport affected by temperature or oxygen?

A
  • not sensitive to temperature or oxygen content
59
Q

What molecules is passive transport used for?

A
  • oxygen
  • monosaccharides
  • water
  • carbon dioxide
  • lipids
60
Q

What are the 4 categories of passive transport?

A
  • diffusion (molecules/ions)
  • osmosis (water)
  • facilitated diffusion
  • filtration (pressure gradient)
61
Q

What is passive transport used for?

A
  • used to maintain equilibrium either side of the cell membrane
62
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • the movement of molecules across the cell membrane, pumping molecules against the concertation gradient using ATP (energy)
63
Q

Does active transport require carrier proteins?

A
  • yes
64
Q

How fast is active transport?

A
  • rapid
65
Q

What direction does active transport move in?

A
  • unidirectional
66
Q

Is active transport selective?

A
  • highly selective
67
Q

Is active transport affected by temperature and oxygen?

A
  • affected by both - stops if no oxygen
68
Q

What molecules use active transport?

A
  • macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrate (sugars), lipids
69
Q

What are the two categories of active transport?

A
  • primary active transport
  • secondary active transport
70
Q

What is active transport used for?

A
  • use to carry molecules and ions through cell membrane
71
Q

Why is filtered fluid in the bowman’s space essentially protein free?

A
  • proteins can’t fit into capsule
72
Q

What is filtrate?

A
  • concentration of soluble ions and smaller molecules in plasma
73
Q

What exceptions can fit into the Bowmans capsule?

A
  • certain low molecular weight molecules bound to plasma proteins
  • such as fatty acids and calcium
74
Q

What happens in the proximal convoluted tubule?

A
  • reabsorption and secretion
75
Q

How much is reabsorbed in the PCT?
What molecules are reabsorbed?

A
  • reabsorption of 3/4 of filtered load
  • including Na+, Cl-, glucose, Amino A, H2O
76
Q

Sodium is transcellular and paracellular what do these mean?

A
  • Transcellular = utilised ATPase pump, i.e., active transport
  • Paracellular = diffusion, due to difference in concentrations
  • massively conserved
77
Q

How much water is reabsorbed in the PCT?

A
  • approx. 65%
78
Q

What two things are actively secreted unto lumen of PCT ?

A
  • metabolites = bile salts, prostaglandins, urate
  • xenobiotics = penicillin, aspirin
79
Q

What is not reabsorbed in the descending limb?

A
  • Na+ and cl+ are not reabsorbed as the region is impermeable to electrolytes
  • instead become actively concentrated by water moving out
80
Q

In the descending limb what happens to the concentration in the lumen?

A
  • concentration in the lumen gets stringer as water is pulled osmotically into the surrounding medullary interstitum
81
Q

What happens in the Ascending limb?

A
  • Na+ and Cl+ passively and actively transported out of lumen i.e. reabsorbed
  • Water not reabsorbed – region impermeable to water
  • Result: ↑ osmotic gradient in medulla from superficial to deep
  • Used to reabsorb water from collecting duct
82
Q

What happens in the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • Small amount of Na+ actively reabsorbed here
  • Cl- is co-transported with Na+
  • Segment impermeable to water
  • Ca2+ reabsorption occurs under the control of parathyroid hormone – important maintenance of calium
83
Q

What happens in the late distal tubule and collecting ducts?

A
  • Only 4% of Na+ actively reabsorbed here
  • K+ and H+ actively secreted
  • An increase in Na+ reaching this segment tends to increase K+ and H+ secretion as Na+ is reabsorbed
  • Aldosterone - ↑ Na+ absorption & K+ secretion
  • Water – only reabsorbed if ADH/vasopressin present i.e. largely impermeable
84
Q

What is Osmolality?

A
  • the number of milliosmoles of solute per kg solution
85
Q

What is Osmolarity?

A
  • number of milliosmoles of solute per litre solution
86
Q

During osmolality how does water flow if the membrane is permeable to water?

A
  • floes from compartment of low osmolality to one of high osmolality
87
Q

What happens if plasma osmolality is too low?

A
  • net movement of water into cells
88
Q

What happens if plasma osmolality is too high?

A
  • net movement of water out of cells
89
Q

Cell function is compromised during osmolality - what happens if two much water is being moved around?

A
  • it can be fatal
90
Q

Kidneys maintain plasma osmolality within narrow limits what are these limits?

A
  • 1% variation in plasma osmolality sufficient to trigger corrective response by the kidneys
91
Q

How are the narrow limits for kidney control achieved?

A
  • achieved by varying the amounts of water reabsorbed by the collecting ducts
92
Q

What does anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) do?

A
  • reduces diuresis ( water lost in urine)
  • also known as vasopressin
93
Q

What is ADH secreted by?

A
  • secreted by posterior pituitary gland
94
Q

What do ADH respond to?

A
  • responds to increased plama osmolality
95
Q

How does ADH respond to extracellular fluid osmolality being increased?

A
  • ADH is released
  • water diffused out of the distal and collecting tubules
  • increase retention of water
  • urine is more concentrated
96
Q

How does ADH respond to a decrease in blood pressure?

A
  • there is an increase in ADH
  • blood pressure changes sensed by baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus, which responds to stretch
97
Q

What is RAAS?

A
  • Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System
98
Q

What is renin?

A
  • proteolytic enzyme (in kidneys) secreted by cells of afferent arteriole
99
Q

How does renin respond to low sodium in the distal convoluted tubule?

A
  • renin secreted into blood
  • converts angiotensinogen (a plasma peptide, produced by the liver) -> angiotensin I which goes through the lungs and kidney -> angiotensin II has vasoactive affects
  • increases blood pressure, body water and sodium content
100
Q

How does blood pressure increase?

A
  • increased by constriction of blood vessels
101
Q

How is there retention of Na+ and loss of k+ from kidneys

A
  • adrenal glands stimulate production of aldosterone leading to this affect?
102
Q

Hoe does sodium retention affect the kidneys?

A
  • increased sodium retention increases water reabsorption in the kidney to increase blood volume and blood pressure
103
Q

What is involved in increased thirst and the desire for salt?

A
  • nerves
104
Q

How is osmolality of body fluids regulated?

A
  • regulated by osmoreceptors and ADH
105
Q

How are extracellular fluid volumes regulated?

A
  • by RAAS
106
Q

Osmoreceptors and ADH, and RAAS work …

A
  • independently of each other
107
Q

What is natriuresis?

A

= the excretion of an excessively large amount of sodium in the urine

108
Q

Where is Atrial natriuretic synthesised and secreted?

A
  • by cardiac muscle cells in the walls of the atria
109
Q

What are the steps involved in Atrial natriuretic peptide and decreasing vascular resistance?

A
  • increase in total body sodium
  • increase in plasma volume
  • sensed by arterial myocytes
  • stimulated release if ANP
  • inhibits secretion of renin, aldosterone and ADH
  • vasodilation thereby decreasing vascular resistance
110
Q

Acute kidney failure occurs …

A
  • over a few days
111
Q

What are the causes of acute kidney failure?

A
  • most common = toxin ingestion
  • also = nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) - block ureters
  • urinary obstruction
  • kidney swell
112
Q

Chromic kidney failure happens over …

A
  • over a few weeks or months
113
Q

What is a cause of kidney failure?

A
  • dental disease - bacterial build up enters the digestive system - pyelonephritis
114
Q

There are no pathognomonic signs of kidney failure - what the symptoms?

A
  • changes in drinking and urination = dehydration - can also be the cause
  • lethargy, appetite, weight loss
  • vomiting and or diarrhoea
  • haematuria
115
Q

What does decreased blood flow through the kidneys cause?

A
  • long-term damage
116
Q

What are symptoms of dehydration?

A
  • sunken eyes = fat pad behind eye shrivels
  • lethargic and inactive
  • depression
  • dry nose
  • loss of skin elasticity
  • dry gums

AEU (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions