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AEU > Overview of liver Function > Flashcards

Overview of liver Function Flashcards

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1
Q

What organ is the largest, most complex and multi-tasking organ in the body?

A
  • the liver
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2
Q

What is an advantage of the livers, structure?

A
  • It has a huge reserve capacity
  • approx. 80%
  • a great potential to regenerate
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3
Q

What is the liver separated into?

A
  • distinct lobes
  • species variation
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4
Q

What does the gall bladder store?

A
  • Bile, except for in horses and small rodents
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5
Q

The liver has a dual blood supply - where supply’s this?

A
  • hepatic portal vein (70-80% rich)
  • hepatic artery ( 20-30% oxygen rich)
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6
Q

Blood from the central veins opens into what?

A
  • into the caudal vena cava
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7
Q

The liver plays an important role in what?

A
  • assimilation
  • storage
  • release of nutrients
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8
Q

What does carbohydrate metabolism do?

A
  • maintains blood glucose levels
  • store glucose as glycogen if not needed
  • break down glycogen to glucose if needed
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9
Q

What does fat metabolism do?

A
  • break down fats to produce energy
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9
Q

What does protein metabolism do?

A
  • converts protein to amino acids for energy or fat and carbohydrates
  • detoxifies ammonia absorbed from the gut and produced through the urea cycle
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10
Q

What does the liver synthesis?

A
  • albumin
  • some globulins
  • clotting factor (and activates some)
  • bile
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11
Q

What does the liver store?

A
  • vitamins and minerals (iron and copper)
  • carbohydrate (glycogen)
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12
Q

Liver enzymes metabolise and or detoxify what?

A
  • drugs
  • toxins absorbed from the gut
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13
Q

What does the reticuloendothelial system (kupffer cells) have a role in?

A
  • has a role in inflammation and immunity
  • destroys WBCs and RBCs (good if old bad if not)
  • transforms haemoglobin from old RBCs to birlirubin
  • small role in RBC production
  • stores excess iron
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14
Q

Clinical signs of liver disease can be varied and numerous what are these?

A
  • inappetence/anorexia
  • vomiting +/- diarrhoea
  • jaundice/icterus
  • depression/lethargy
  • polydipsia/polyuria
  • neurological-encephalopathy
  • bleeding tendencies
  • GI ulceration
  • photosensitisation
  • acholic faeces
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15
Q

How can we access liver function?

A
  • history/clinical examination
  • blood work
  • urinalysis
  • radiography/ultrasonography
  • biopsy
16
Q

What two things come under blood work?

A
  • CBC + smear
  • Biochemistry
17
Q

What can you test for using biochemistry?

A
  • liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, GGT)
  • bile acids - bile acid stimulation test
  • bilirubin
  • blood coagulation - PT, PTT, platelet count
18
Q

What does urinalysis test for?

A
  • conjugated hyperbilirubinemia vs unconjugated)
19
Q

What is ALT - Alanine Aminotransferase?

A
  • liver specific cytosolic enzyme
  • hepatocellular necrosis
20
Q

What is AST - Aspartate Aminotransferase?

A
  • not liver specific also prevent in cardiac and skeletal muscle, kidney’s, and brain
  • more sensitive than ALT in detecting hepatobiliary disease although less specific
21
Q

What is ALP – Alkaline Phosphatase?

A
  • sensitive in detecting hepatobiliary disease but low specificity
22
Q

What is GGT – Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase?

A

– present in liver, kidney, pancreas, gall bladder, spleen, lung
- Increases seen with intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis

23
Q

What are the clinical pathological changes that can occur in liver disease?

A
  • Any one or a combination of …
  • Increased liver enzymes
  • Increase bilirubin
  • Increased bile acids
  • Increased blood ammonia
  • Decreased blood glucose
  • Increased or decreased cholesterol
  • Increased protein (globulins)
  • Decreased protein (albumin)
  • Decreased clotting factors
  • Platelet dysfunction
  • or none
24
Q

What is Triaditis?

A
  • is the term used to describe concurrent inflammation of the pancreas, liver and small intestines
  • affects cats
25
Q

What are the infectious causes of liver disease?

A
  • bacterial
  • viral
  • fungal
26
Q

What toxicities can cause liver disease?

A
  • Plants
  • Drugs
  • Chemicals
  • Alflatoxins
27
Q

What are the causes liver disease?

A
  • infectious
  • parasitic
  • vascular disorders
  • toxicity
  • neoplasia
  • degeneration/fibrosis
  • genetic

AEU (16 decks)

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