The Canine Abdomen Flashcards
1
Q
What are the cranial and caudal boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
A
- Cranial - diaphragm
- Caudal - upper plane of the pelvic cavity
2
Q
What are the dorsal and ventral boundaries of the abdominal cavity?
A
- Dorsal = vertebral column
- ventral = abdominal muscles
3
Q
What is the largest hollow space within the body?
A
- the abdominal cavity
4
Q
What is the peritoneum?
A
- Serous membrane that lines the entire abdominal cavity
5
Q
What is the peritoneum composed of?
A
- composed of mesothelial cells supported by a thin layer of connective tissue
6
Q
What is the peritoneal cavity?
A
- The cavity between the parietal peritoneum and the visceral peritoneum
7
Q
What are retroperitoneal organs and where do they lie?
A
- organs that are not suspended by mesentery
- lie between the abdominal wall and the parietal peritoneum
8
Q
What is the linea Alba and where is it found?
A
- A dense collagenous band
- found on the ventral midline of the abdominal wall extending from the base of the xiphoid process to the prepubic tendon
9
Q
What structures fuse to make the Linea alba?
A
- facias of the transverse abdominal muscle and external and internal abdominal muscles fuse on the midline
10
Q
What is positioned closely against the lateral borders of the Linea alba?
A
- medial borders of the left and right rectus abdominal muscles
11
Q
What does the Linea alba contain and where is this located?
A
- a palpable umbilical scar at the level of a transverse plane through the last rib
12
Q
What are the 4 muscles of the abdominal wall?
A
- external abdominal oblique
- internal abdominal oblique
- rectus abdominis
- transversus abdominis
13
Q
What happens when collectively thew muscles of the abdominal wall contract?
A
- they aid in urination, defaecation, parturition, respiration or locomotion
14
Q
What is the origin of the costal and lumbar part of the external abdominal oblique?
A
- costal part - costal cartilage of the last rib
- lumbar part - last ribs and thoracolumbar fascia
15
Q
Where does the external abdominal oblique insert?
A
- Forms an aponeurosis that inserts onto the linea alba
16
Q
What directions do the fibres run in the external abdominal oblique?
A
- caudoventrally
17
Q
What is the function of the external abdominal oblique?
A
- functions to compress the abdominal cavity and aid in rotation of the trunk
18
Q
What is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique?
A
- superficial leaf of the thoracolumbar facia caudal to the last rib and tuber coxae and adjacent portion of inguinal ligament
19
Q
Where is the insertion of the internal abdominal oblique?
A
- wide aponeurosis on the costal arch, on the rectus abdominus and on the linea alba and prepubic tendon
20
Q
What direction do the fibres run in for the internal abdominal oblique?
A
- Fibres run cranioventrally
21
Q
What is the function of the internal abdominal oblique?
A
- functions to compress the abdominal cavity and oppose EAQ in rotation
22
Q
What is the difference between fascia and aponeurosis?
A
- collagen fibres in the fascia run in random directions whereas aponeurosis collagen fibres run in one direction
23
Q
Where is the origin of the transverse abdominis?
A
- medial surface of the 4/5 ribs and transverse process of all lumbar vertebrae by means of deep leaf of thoracolumbar fascia
24
Q
Where does the transverse abdominis insert?
A
- aponeurosis onto the linea alba after crossing internal surface of the rectus abdominis
25
What directions do the fibres run in the transverse abdominis?
- transversely
26
What is the function of the transverse abdominis?
- functions to help compress the ribs and stability of the abdomen and body in movement
27
What are the origin and insertion points of the rectus abdominis?
* origin = sternum
* insertion = prepubic tendon
28
Which directions do the the fibres run in the rectus abdominis?
- craniocaudally
29
What is the function of the rectus abdominis?
- functions to flex the thoracolumbar part of the vertebral column and very important muscle for stability, posture and breathing
30
What is the difference between tendons and aponeurosis?
- tendons are dense regular arranged fibrous connective tissue organised into small well-defined bundles
whereas
- aponeurosis have the same consistency but arranged as a thin sheet of tissue
31
What is the inguinal canal?
- short natural pathway through the abdominal muscles in both sexes for the vaginal process and for descent of the testis in the male
32
What is the inguinal canal bordered by?
- bordered by external (superficial) inguinal ring and internal (deep) inguinal ring
33
What is the external inguinal ring?
- opening in the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
34
How is the internal inguinal ring formed?
- formed by the caudal border of the IAO and the lateral border of the RA craniomedially and inguinal ligament caudolaterally
35
What is the vaginal tunic (male) and vagina process (female) made by?
- blind extension of the peritoneum that protrudes through the inguinal canal to a subcutaneous position outside the body wall
36
What are the main blood vessels supplying the abdominal cavity?
- cranial superficial epigastric artery and vein
- caudal superficial epigastric artery and vein
37
What is the abdominal wall innervated by?
- the ventral branches of the spinal nerves from T9 to L3 vertebra
38
What is the peritoneum?
- serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity and covering most of the intra-abdominal organs
39
What is mesentery?
- double layer of peritoneum caused b invagination of an organ into the peritoneum that connects an organ to the body wall and gives pathway's to blood vessel, nerves and lymphatic ducts
40
What is omentum?
- double (or multiple) layers of peritoneum from the stomach or proximal part of the duodenum to adjacent organs
- lesser omentum
- greater omentum
41
What do the peritoneum, mesentery and omentum all have in common?
- all the same tissue but just different names
42
1. Where is the liver located in the abdomen?
2. How many lobes does it have?
3. How many processes does it have?
1. most cranial organ in the abdomen located immediately caudal to the diaphragm
2. 6 lobes
3. 2 processes
43
1. What do portal tracts contain in the liver?
and
2. What are the other two components within the liver?
1. portal vein, portal artery and bile duct
2. central vein and liver lobules
44
What blood vessel supplies the liver, stomach, pancreas and spleen?
- coeliac artery
45
What are anastomosis?
- branches connected to each other so if one gets cut off, blood supply is still functional
46
What arteries supply the midgut and hindgut?
- cranial mesenteric artery
- caudal mesenteric artery
47
What combine into the portal vein?
- all veins from the GIT and spleen
48
what vein supply's the liver?
- portal vein
49
Where do all nutrients go to be processed before going to the heart and rest of the body?
- liver (via portal veins)
50
Describe parasympathetic innervation: ANS
- parasympathetic = provided by the vagus nerve
- activation increases activity via acetylcholine
51
Describe sympathetic innervation: ANS
- sympathetic = provided via splanchnic nerve
- activation decreases activity via noradrenalin
52
What is found on the left side of the canine abdomen? (clue list 5)
- liver
- stomach
- spleen
- jejunum
- left kidney
53
What is found on the right hand side of the canine abdomen? (clue list 5)
- diaphragm
- jejunum
-greater omentum
- colon
- oesophagus
54
What can you see ventrally in the canine abdomen? (clue list 6)
- liver
- stomach
- spleen
- jejunum
- bladder
- greater omentum
