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AEU > Ruminant anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Ruminant anatomy and physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four chambers of the ruminant stomach and which are non-glandular and which are glandular?

A
  • reticulum
  • rumen
  • omasum
    = non-glandular
  • abomasum
    = glandular
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2
Q

What are foregut fermenters?

A
  • digestive process in which plant material is fermented in a specialized combination of stomach compartments
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3
Q

What is rumination?

A
  • animal regurgitates previously consumed food and chews it further and re-swallows
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4
Q

What is eructation?

A
  • release of gas produced by fermentation from the stomach or oesophagus through the mouth
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5
Q

What are pseudo-ruminants?

A
  • like ruminants use foregut fermentation but have 3 compartments instead of 4
  • camels and hippos
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6
Q

What do the three compartments of the pseudo-ruminant stomach do?

A
  • C1 - essentially a fermentation vat
  • C2 - some nutrient absorption occurs
  • rhythmic contractions then eructation and regurgitation
  • C3 - true stomach - distal part secretes HCL
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7
Q

Where does the reticulum lie?

A
  • lies cranial to the rumen under the 6th-8th ribs
  • lies up against the diaphragm
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7
Q

What distinct feature does the reticulum have?

A
  • distinct honey comb structure covered in short papillae
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7
Q

The rumen and reticulum are often together - what is their joint term?

A
  • reticulorumen
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8
Q

What lines the reticulum?

A
  • non-glandular mucosa lined by stratified squamous epithelium
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9
Q

What lines the rumen?

A
  • non-glandular mucosa
  • keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
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10
Q

What in the rumen increases the surface area 7-fold?

A
  • papilla present formations of the lamina propria and submucosa
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11
Q

What layer is not present in the rumen?

A
  • muscularis mucosa is absent
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12
Q

Where are papillae not present in the rumen?

A
  • not present over the centre of the roof or the free margins of the pillars
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13
Q

Where does the omasum lie?

A
  • lies within the intrathoracic part of the abdomen to the right of the reticulorumen
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14
Q

How are short papillae formed in the omasum?

A
  • internal parallel laminae - thick muscular sheets covered with non- glandular mucosa forms papillae
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15
Q

Where does the muscularis mucosa extend into in the omasum?

A
  • extends into the laminae
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16
Q

What is the abomasum?

A
  • the true stomach with glandular mucosa containing gastric glands and pyloric glands
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17
Q

What covers the abomasum?

A
  • simple columnar epithelium
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18
Q

What increases the mucosal surface area if the abomasum?

A
  • mucosal surface area increased by large folds which do not disappear when the stomach distends
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19
Q

The muscularis externa (found in the abomasum) is comprised of what?

A
  • inner circular layers
  • outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle
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20
Q

In calves what prevents milk from entering the rumen (which isn’t fully developed)?

A
  • oesophageal groove = muscular folds of the reticulorumen
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21
Q

What are new-born calves described as?

A
  • pre-ruminants
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22
Q

What is the transition phase in calves?

A
  • from pre-ruminant to ruminant
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23
Q

During the ruminant phase was is the sole source of feed?

A
  • dry feed
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24
Q

The rumen accounts for how much of all stomach compartments?

A
  • 70%
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25
Q

What muscles make up the abdominal wall?

A
  • cutaneous trunci
  • external abdominal oblique
  • internal abdominal oblique
  • transversus abdominus & rectus abdominus
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26
Q

What is the origin of the external abdominal oblique?

A
  • costal part - outer surface of the last eight ribs
  • lumbar part - last rib and thoracolumbar fascia
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27
Q

Where does the external abdominal oblique insert?

A
  • via aponeurosis onto the Linea alba and pre-pubic tendon
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28
Q

How do the fibres run in the external abdominal oblique?

A
  • caudoventrally
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29
Q

What is the origin of the internal abdominal oblique?

A
  • tuber coxae and the pelvic tendon of the EAO and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae
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30
Q

Where does the IAO insert?

A
  • via the aponeurosis onto the Linea alba and last rib forming the external lamina of rectus sheath
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31
Q

How do IAO fibres run?

A
  • cranioventrally
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32
Q

How is the caudal border of the paralumbar fossa formed?

A
  • attachments from the tuber coxae from a distinct ridge
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33
Q

What is the origin of the transverse abdominus?

A
  • tips of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae and last rib
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34
Q

Where does the TA insert?

A
  • via aponeurosis dorsal to the rectus abdominis onto linea alba, forming the internal lamina of the rectus sheath
35
Q

How do TA fibres run?

A
  • dorsoventrally
36
Q

What is the origin of the rectus abdominus?

A
  • xiphoid process and ventral aspect of the last 10 ribs
37
Q

Where does the RA insert?

A
  • cranioventral pubic brim
38
Q

How do RA fibres run?

A
  • caudoventrally
39
Q

What gives the RA an interrupted appearance?

A
  • transverse tendinous intersections
40
Q

What nerves innervate the abdominal wall from T12?

A
  • costoabdominal nerve
  • iliohypergastric nerve
  • ilioinginal nerve
  • gentiofemoral nerve
41
Q

What nerve innervates the abdominal wall from the L5 vertebrae?

A
  • ventral perineal nerve
42
Q

What does the top of the complex stomach touch?

A
  • the diaphragm
43
Q

What does the base of the complex stomach touch?

A
  • the abdominal wall
44
Q

What is the left side and the right side of the complex stomach called?

A
  • left = parietal surface
  • right = visceral surface
45
Q

During ruminant development what nutrient is required?

A
  • volatile fatty acids
46
Q

When do rumen contractions begin?

A
  • 3 weeks of age
47
Q

Why is it important to know where nerves are?

A
  • to block nerves
  • for muscle suturing
48
Q

Where can you find the lumbar fosser?

A
  • at the end of the transverse processes of the lumber vertebra
49
Q

Where is the liver located in the thoracic abdomen?

A
  • immediately behind the diaphragm
50
Q

What does development of the rumen do to the liver?

A
  • pushes the liver entirely to the right half of the abdomen
51
Q

What does the ruminant liver not have?

A
  • no fissures
52
Q

What does the ruminant liver consist of?

A
  • left and right hepatic lobes
  • quadrate lobe and caudate lobe
53
Q

What does the ruminant pancreas have?

A
  • 2 limbs
54
Q

What is the pancreas closely associated with?

A
  • with the liver and descending duodenum
55
Q

What duct is present in small ruminants?

A
  • pancreatic duct
56
Q

What duct in present in the ox?

A
  • accessory duct
57
Q

The large rumen occupies the left side of the abdomen - therefore what happens to the intestines?

A
  • they are pushed to the right side of the abdomen
58
Q

What is the position of the jejunal coil dependant on?

A
  • of the fullness of the rumen and size of the uterus
59
Q

What side of the abdomen is the cecum located on?

A
  • the right side
60
Q

What is not present in the large intestine?

A
  • no taenia nor haustra
    = big thick bands of longitudinal muscle that pulls intestine together
61
Q

Which direction does the blind end of the large intestine point?

A
  • points caudally
62
Q

What is the longest part of the intestines and what characteristic does it have?

A
  • ascending colon = longest
  • has a characteristic spiral arrangement
63
Q

What is the ox’s intestinal arrangement?

A
  • 2 centripetal turns reversed in central flexure and succeeded by 2 centrifugal turns
64
Q

What is a sheep intestinal arrangement?

A
  • 3 centripetal turns and 3 centrifugal turns
65
Q

What is a goats intestinal arrangement?

A
  • 4 centripetal turns and 4 centrifugal turns
66
Q

How does the short transverse colon continue as the descending colon?

A
  • it crosses the midline cranial to the root of the mesentery to continue as the descending colon
67
Q

How is the rectum formed?

A
  • descending colon upon entering the pelvis becomes the rectum
68
Q

In a rectal examination where would you find the rumen and left kidney?

A
  • left abdomen = rumen
  • right abdomen = left kidney - just right of midline
69
Q

During a rectal exam what would you find in the caudal abdomen?

A
  • ovaries and uterus
  • bladder
  • aorta
  • pelvis
70
Q

What layers would you find in the complex stomach?

A
  • gas
  • fibre mat = moderate fermentation
  • intermediate zone = intense fermentation
  • liquid zone = moderate fermentation
71
Q

What are the 3 types of rumen contractions?

A
  • primary contractions (mixing contractions)
  • contractions related to rumination
  • secondary contractions (contractions related to eructation)
72
Q

How do mixing contractions move?

A
  • start in the reticulum and move caudally along the rumen as a peristaltic wave
73
Q

How do reticular muscles contract?

A
  • contract twice in 5-10 secs with brief pause
74
Q

what do mixing contractions do?

A
  • forces coarse fibrous material from top of reticulum to central and dorsal rumen
  • completely empties the reticulum of finely-dispersed well-fermented content from lower portion
75
Q

How do rumen contractions move?

A
  • starts in cranial sac and passes dorsally and caudally in dorsal rumen sac moving ingest into the caudodorsal blind sac
76
Q

What does contraction of the caudodorsal sac do?

A
  • forces content cranially
  • similar occurs in the ventral rumen sac
77
Q

What is rumination?

A
  • transportation of swallowed ingesta back into oral cavity for additional chewing
78
Q

How does rumination occur?

A
  1. Extra reticular contraction preceding the biphasic contraction
  2. Hydrostatic pressure difference between oesophagus and reticulum draws reticular content into oesophagus
  3. Anti-peristaltic contractions in the oesophagus propels bolus into oral cavity
  4. Fluid fraction re-swallowed whilst rest of bolus masticated before being re-swallowed
    5.Increased saliva secretion increases fluid and ions delivered to reticulorumen
79
Q

In the course of 24 hours how much gas can a high yielding cow produce from fermentation?

A
  • 250-500L gas
80
Q

What are secondary contractions?

A
  • rumen contractions associated with eructation
81
Q

How many primary contractions are between each secondary contraction?

A
  • 2-3
82
Q

How does eructation happen?

A
  1. Contraction start in the caudal blind sacs and move cranially along the dorsal sac
  2. Gas cap pushed towards oesophageal opening
  3. Negative intra-thoracic pressure draws gas into oesophagus when sphincter opens
  4. Gas passes to mouth via anti-peristaltic waves
83
Q

How do we assess forestomach activity?

A
  • number and strength of contractions of the dorsal sac of the rumen over 5 minutes
84
Q

During assessment of forestomach activity you can auscultate/fell over the paralumbar fossa.
How many contractions should you expect to feel at rest and during feeding?

A
  • at rest = 1 contraction/min
  • during feeding = 2-3/min
85
Q

How are contractions regulated/

A
  • Long reflexes mediated via the vagus nerve
  • Short reflexes mediated via ENS
86
Q

Why is is good to assess ruminal contractions?

A
  • Strength and frequency of ruminal contractions good indicator of a ruminants well- being
87
Q

What can go wrong in ruminants?

A
  • LDA
  • RDA
  • Abdominal volvulus - twist of abomasum
  • Ruminal tympani – bloat
  • Hardware disease – traumatic
    reticulopericarditis

AEU (16 decks)

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