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AEU > Overview of the Alimentary Tract > Flashcards

Overview of the Alimentary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What is a carnivore?

A
  • high energy content
  • muscle, blood, adipose tissue
  • easily digested
  • short, simple digestive tract
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2
Q

What is a herbivore?

A
  • energy from plant material in form of carbohydrates which cannot be broken down by enzymes produced by animal itself
  • large microbe containing chambers in the digestive tract
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3
Q

What is an omnivore?

A
  • plant and animal origin - large species variation
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4
Q

Alimentary system or gastrointestinal system consists of what?

A
  • headgut
  • foregut
  • midgut (small intestine)
  • mid/hindgut (large intestine)
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5
Q

What components and glandular organs are associated with the headgut?

A
  • mouth
  • pharynx
  • oesophagus
  • salivary glands
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6
Q

what components and glandular organs are associated with the foregut?

A
  • stomach
  • liver
  • gall bladder
  • pancreas
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7
Q

What are the components of the midgut (small intestine)?

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ilium
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8
Q

What are the components of the midgut/hindgut?

A
  • caecum - mid
  • ascending colon - mid
  • transverse colon - mid/hind
  • descending colon - hind
  • rectum - hind
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9
Q

What are the 4 major functions of the alimentary system?

A
  • motility
  • secretion
  • digestion
  • absorption
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10
Q

What is motility?

A
  • the movements of the alimentary system that mid and circulate its contents and propels these along its length
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11
Q

What is secretion?

A
  • associated glands secrete water and other substances into the tract
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12
Q

What is digestion?

A
  • large ingested molecules are chemically degraded to produce smaller molecules that cab be absorbed across the wall of the tract
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13
Q

What is absorption?

A
  • nutrient molecules absorbed by the GIT and enter the bloodstream
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14
Q

What are the 4 layers of the gastrointestinal tract?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis externa
  • serosa (adventitia)
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15
Q

What’s contained within the mucosa?

A
  • muscularis mucosa
  • lamina propria
  • epithelium
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16
Q

What’s contained within the muscularis externa?

A
  • circular muscle
  • longitudinal muscle
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17
Q

What are the other components of the GI tract layers?

A
  • lumen
  • villus
  • lymph node
  • submucosal plexus
  • myenteric plexus
  • glands in the submucosa
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18
Q

What is prehension?

A
  • act of grasping
19
Q

what is mastication?

A
  • process by which food is crushed and ground down by the teeth
20
Q

Describe the structure of the oesophagus

A
  • lined by stratified squamous epithelia
  • longitudinally arranged smooth muscle of the muscularis mucosae varies in amount from anterior to posterior
  • muscularis externa is entirely skeletal muscle in ruminant with transmission in smooth muscle at different points in other species
  • mucous or mixed glands present in the submucosa again species variation
21
Q

Give 4 examples of salivary glands:

A
  • parotid
  • mandibular
  • sublingual
  • zygomatic
22
Q

What components make up the simple stomach? (dog and cat)

A
  • cardiac region
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric region
    = glandular mucosa
23
Q

What is a composite simple stomach?

A
  • stomach of the horse and pig
  • possesses a small area of non-glandular mucosa as well as glandular mucosa
24
Q

What is the composite complex stomach?

A
  • found in ruminants
  • 4 chambers
    1. rumen
    2. reticulum
    = non glandular mucosa
    3. omasum
    4. abomasum = glandular mucosa
25
Q

What does the muscular sac do?

A
  • important role in mixing food with gastric juices and transferring it to the small intestine
26
Q

What sphincters are present in the stomach?

A
  • cardiac sphincter - opening
  • pyloric sphincter - ending
27
Q

What are gastric folds called and what do they do?

A
  • gastric folds are called rugae and are prominent when stomach is empty, when stomach is distended rugae flatten out
28
Q

What glands are found in the cardiac and pyloric regions and what do they do?

A
  • mucous glands produce mucous which provides protective barrier for the mucosa against gastric juices
29
Q

What glands are found in the fundic region and what do they do?

A
  • parietal cells produce Hydrochloric acid
  • chief cells - produce pepsinogen
30
Q

What glands are present in the liver?

A
  • lobed gland that has both exocrine and endocrine functions
31
Q

What does the exocrine liver do?

A
  • produces bile
32
Q

What does the endocrine liver do?

A
  • plays an important role in fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism
33
Q

What functions does the liver have in general/

A
  • Storage of glycogen
  • biotransformation - conversion of toxic substances into non toxic ones
  • synthesis of blood components
34
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A
  • storage of bile
  • bile = essential in the digestion of fats and eliminating worn out red blood cells and some toxins
  • absent in the horse and small rodent
35
Q

The Pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions what are these?

A
  • exocrine = pancreatic juices
  • endocrine = insulin, glucagon and somatostatin
36
Q

What is the small intestine segmented in to ?
and what is its main function?

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
  • main function = digestion and absorption
37
Q

The mucosal surface of the SI is increased by the presence of what?

A
  • mucosal surface is increased by the Prescence of circular folds called plicae circulares and intestinal villi
38
Q

What is the structure of villi in carnivores and ruminants?

A
  • ruminants = short and thick
  • carnivores = long and slender
39
Q

How is the brush border formed?

A
  • formed by the columnar epithelial cells which possess microvilli = brush border
40
Q

How are intestinal crypts formed? and what do they contain?

A
  • formed by invaginations of the epithelium at the base of the villi
  • contain glands that secrete intestinal juices
41
Q

What are Peyer’s patches?

A
  • lymph node aggregations present in the lamina propria and submucosa especially the ileum
  • stop infection from entering the intestine
42
Q

What is the main function of the hind/midgut?

A
  • main function is absorption of water and ions, microbial degradation of organic material and compaction and expulsion of undigested material and microflora
43
Q

Why is microbial digestion critical in hind gut fermenters?

A
  • important for the energy supply of horse and small mammals
44
Q

What is the mucosal surface like in the mid/hind gut?

A
  • flat
  • villi are absent

AEU (10 decks)

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