Equine abdomen Flashcards
What type of stomach do horses have?
- small stomach = glandular and non-glandular areas
What parts of the equine GIT are enlarged?
- enlarged caecum
- enlarged complex ascending colon
What is the margo plicatus of the horses stomach?
- white lines that separates glandular and non glandular
Why cant a horse vomit?
- cannot vomit due to the angle of the oesophagus entering the stomach
If a horse vomits what is this indictive of?
- stomach rupture
What are the two distinct openings into the duodenum called and what opens into them?
- lesser duodenal papilla = lesser pancreatic duct
- greater duodenal papilla - greater pancreatic duct and bile duct
What are the components of the caecum?
- base
- body
- apex
The caecum has taenia what are these?
- thick bands, longitudinal muscularis externa allows for peristalsis and fermentation and segmentation
What is the development of the caecum like?
- caecum continuous to grow and elongates in both directions
- there is folding over so terminate end is opening to ascending colon
What is the caecocolic orifice?
- is a constriction of the ascending colon
What happens in the complex ascending colon?
- absorbs VFA’s and vitamins
Name the flexures in the colon:
- sternal flexure
- pelvic flexure
- diaphragmatic flexure
What is underdeveloped in a foal?
- underdeveloped ascending colon
- small caecum in earlier life
How is the colon developed?
- developing ascending colon twists ventrally towards the mesentery giving rise to the adult ascending colon
What are the 4 lobes of the liver called?
- left and right lobes
- quadrate and caudate lobes
What organ is the horse missing?
- the gall bladder
What blood supply does the liver get?
- dual blood supply - hepatic portal vein (nutrient rich), hepatic artery (oxygen rich)
What does the bile duct open into?
- bile duct opens into cranial duodenum on major duodenal papilla
The spleen is important for the storage of what?
- important for the storage of RBCs and WBCs
How is the spleen connected to different organs?
- connected through ligaments which are named according to the structures connected
What ligament connects the spleen to the kidneys and what cases can this ligament be important in?
- connected the the kidneys via the nephrosplenic ligament
- important in some cases of colic = nephrosplenic entrapment
What does the spleen have the ability to do in relation to the cardiac system?
- has the ability to contract to release more RBCs into system
What should you expect to feel on a rectal examination?
- descending colon (balls of faeces)
- caudal border spleen
- nephrosplenic ligament
- caudal pole left kidney
- root of mesentery
- caecum = base and ventral taenia
- pelvic flexure
- small intestine loops normally too soft to feel but can if if distended
During a rectal exam what can be felt on the left side?
- spleen
- pelvic flexure
- mesenteric root
- L kidney
What can be felt on the right side of the body during a rectal examination?
- aorta
- cecum
Gut sounds - what can be found on the left dorsal quadrant?
- pelvic flexure of large intestine and small colon
Gut sounds - what can be found in the Left ventral quadrant?
- LDC and LVC
Gut sounds - what can be found in the right dorsal quadrant?
- base of the caecum
Gut sounds - what can be found on the right ventral quadrant?
- body of the caecum
What is a caecal flush?
- body of the caecum
What is colic?
- abdominal pain
What can colic cause?
- stretch of gut wall
- tension in mesentery
- ischaemia
- inflammation
What is colic due to?
- build up of gas due to blockage or blockage itself
- torsion leading to tension in mesentery and cut off blood supply
PIGS - what diet do they have?
- omnivorous
What type of a stomach does a pig have?
- simple stomach
What type of caecum does a pig have?
- enlarged caecum
What is a pigs ascending colon like?
- complex ascending colon
- ascending colon greatly elongated and coiled to form a cone shaped mass
Describe the pigs stomach:
- small non-glandular region surrounding the oesophageal opening and extends into the diverticulum
Where is the diverticulum found (Pig)?
- above the fundus
Describe the development of the pigs tract in relation to the caecum:
- tract undergoes 450’ rotation so that the caecum is on the left
Where is the apex of the pigs cone shaped ascending colon located?
- ventral
Where is the centripetal turn?
- the outside
Where is the centrifugal turn?
- the inside
