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Anatomy > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What gross anatomy does the urinary system contain?

A

Kidneys, Bladder, Urethra, Renal Artery/vein, and Ureter

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2
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

retroperitoneal, near/ under last rib in dorsal abdomen

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3
Q

What does retroperitoneal mean?

A

behind peritoneum

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4
Q

What are the kidneys generally shaped like?

A

bean-shaped

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5
Q

What are kidneys shaped like in the horse?

A

Right is heart shaped

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6
Q

What are the kidneys shaped like in cows?

A

lobulated

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7
Q

What are the kidneys shaped like in cats?

A

slightly lobulated, still bean-shaped

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8
Q

What are the kidneys shaped like in chickens?

A

spread out along lumbosacral area

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9
Q

Where is the ureter located?

A

from the kidney to the bladder

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10
Q

Where does the ureter enter?

A

the bladder wall

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11
Q

What is a full bladder shaped like?

A

balloon-like

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12
Q

What is an empty bladder shaped like?

A

walnut sized with thick tissue w/ rugae

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13
Q

What parts does the bladder have?

A

Fundus(apex), body, neck, trigone

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14
Q

Fundus

A

free rounded cranial portion

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15
Q

Trigone

A

area of ureteral orifices and bladder sphincter

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16
Q

What is the Trigone shaped like?

A

triangular

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17
Q

What allows bladder to stretch and expand gradually to hold large volumes

A

Transitional epithelium and smooth muscle

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18
Q

What stimulates spinal reflex at L6-L7 to contract and empty bladder, relax smooth muscle sphincter?

A

Increased pressure within bladder

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19
Q

When an animal has a spinal cord injury what does that mean?

A

incontinence or failure to empty

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20
Q

What can incontinence cause?

A

urine scald on the skin

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21
Q

What does incontinence mean?

A

leakage

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22
Q

Where is the urethra located?

A

from bladder to the outside

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23
Q

What is different in the female urethra?

A

it is wider and shorter

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24
Q

Are males or female more prone to infection ascending to bladder?

A

females

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25
Q

What varies in the urethra especially in males?

A

length, path

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26
Q

Many species have in their urethra?

A

sigmoid flexure, “s” shaped curve

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27
Q

What can lodge in the sigmoid flexure of the urethra?

A

calculi, stones

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28
Q

What is the general function of the urinary system?

A

excrete waste and maintain homeokinesis

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29
Q

1/4 total circulating blood is in what organ at any given time?

A

kidney

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30
Q

filtering blood, removing excess components and plasma waste products for excretion, selectively reabsorbing water and useful compounds from filtrate back into the blood for body use are all steps in doing what?

A

Excreting waste and maintaining homeokinesis in the urinary system

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31
Q

What 4 big functions do kidneys serve?

A

Regulates water balance, Regulates electrolyte levels, Role in RBC production, Eliminates waste

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32
Q

How do kidneys regulate water balance?

A

conserve or remove excess

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33
Q

What ions are involved in regulating electrolyte levels?

A

pH, Na+, K+

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34
Q

What does regulation of electrolyte levels affect?

A

osmotic pressure

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35
Q

What is the biggest osmotic pressure factor and should not be lost from a normal kidney as the sieve holes are small?

A

large proteins

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36
Q

What role do the kidneys have in RBC production?

A

kidney makes the hormone erythropoietin in response to reduced oxygen

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37
Q

How do kidneys eliminate waste?

A

alters concentration of many plasma substances, filters out smaller molecules, selectively eliminates some waste

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38
Q

How are the 4 big functions of the kidney accomplished?

A

by the Nephron

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39
Q

What is the Nephron?

A

the functional unit of the kidney

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40
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney contain in dogs?

A

500,000

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41
Q

How many nephrons does each kidney contain in cattle?

A

4 million

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42
Q

What percent of the nephrons can function at any given time?

A

25%

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43
Q

> 75% of nephrons can be what before an animal shows symptoms?

A

nonfunctioning

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44
Q

> 70% function gone is considered to be what?

A

late stage kidney disease

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45
Q

What is good with kidney damage?

A

there is plenty of reserve, some damage is not a big problem

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46
Q

What is bad with kidney damage?

A

by the time symptoms occur, there is not much functional kidney left

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47
Q

Na+ does what?

A

promotes water retention

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48
Q

Na+ is a factor in what?

A

high blood pressure, congestive heart failure

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49
Q

Diuretics function by doing what?

A

removing Na and water follows

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50
Q

K+ high or low can do what?

A

be a problem

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51
Q

What does destruction of adrenal cortex cause what in K+ which are life threatening?

A

elevations

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52
Q

When elevations occur what may also occur?

A

bradycardia LIFE THREATENING

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53
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Acute and Chronic Renal Failure

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54
Q

What can Addison’s Disease also be called?

A

Hypoadrenocorticism

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55
Q

What can unregulated secretion of aldosterone by adrenal tumor cause in plasma K+ which are life threatening?

A

reductions

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56
Q

When reductions occur what can also occur?

A

tachycardia, arrhythmias

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57
Q

What can the Capsule do in a healthy kidney?

A

peel off easily without sticking to the cortex

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58
Q

What does the Cortex in a kidney look like?

A

granular appearance

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59
Q

What is located in the Cortex of the kidney?

A

Glomeruli

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60
Q

What are Glomeruli?

A

Beginning of the nephron

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61
Q

What does the Medulla look like in the kidney?

A

striated

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62
Q

What is located in the Medulla of the kidney?

A

collecting tubules and loops of henle

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63
Q

What is the Renal Crest of the kidney?

A

ridge of tissue

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64
Q

What happens in the Renal Crest of the kidney?

A

Urine drips off out of tubes to collect in the renal pelvis

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65
Q

What is the Renal Pelvis of the kidney?

A

Expanded end of ureter

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66
Q

What happens in the Renal Pelvis of the kidney?

A

Urine collects enter the ureter and travels to the bladder

67
Q

What is a Arterial capillary tuft in the Glomerulus?

A

the filter

68
Q

What happens with the arterial capillary tuft in the Glomerulus?

A

small particles pass through into the capsule and tubules. Large particles remain in the blood

69
Q

With glomerular disease the body loses what?

A

large proteins

70
Q

What does the loss of large proteins cause in glomerular disease?

A

proteinuria

71
Q

Where is the Glomerular capsule located?

A

expanded end of proximal convoluted tubule

72
Q

What does the Glomerular capsule do?

A

catches filtrate (urine)

73
Q

What parts of the urinary system is responsible for selective secretion/reabsorption of waste, water, etc?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule

74
Q

Join other tubules and become ducts and transporting renal filtrate to the pelvis of the kidney, are the jobs of what part of the urinary system?

A

Collecting Tubules

75
Q

What happens in the Glomerulus?

A

blood filters through spaces between the cells of the capillary tuft

76
Q

What does the Glomerulus act like?

A

a sieve

77
Q

What kind of particles may pass through the Glomerulus?

A

Particles up to a certain size

78
Q

What is Glomerular Filtration Rate?

A

rate at which fluid and constituents leave the blood and become filtrate

79
Q

GFR depends on what?

A

Composition of blood and Arterial blood pressure

80
Q

Increased arterial pressure means what?

A

increased filtrate

81
Q

Decreased arterial pressure means what?

A

decreased filtrate

82
Q

Proteins holds things ___ blood like a magnet

A

in

83
Q

Osmotic pressure holds __ blood

A

in

84
Q

Creatinine is a measure of what?

A

GFR

85
Q

Creatinine

A

blood test

86
Q

BUN

A

Blood Urea Nitrogen

87
Q

If dehydrated decrease in blood flow does what to BUN?

A

increases

88
Q

What is constant in Creatinine?

A

plasma concentration and daily excretion

89
Q

Creatinine increases when what decreases?

A

number of functional nephrons

90
Q

What is Urea?

A

by-product protein metabolism eliminated by the kidney

91
Q

Amount of urea fluctuates with what?

A

diet

92
Q

What is used to check renal function?

A

urea

93
Q

What increases BUN when kidneys are fine?

A

dehydration with decreased blood flow to kidneys

94
Q

What is an ERD?

A

urine test

95
Q

ERD

A

Early Renal Disease Test

96
Q

What does ERD identify?

A

small amounts of albumin in the urine

97
Q

What is a large protein that should not pass through the glomerulus unless the glomerulus has developed large holes?

A

Albumin

98
Q

What is interpretation?

A

very early indicator of kidney disease RISK
OR
May indicate LUID

99
Q

LUID

A

Lower Urinary Tract Disease

100
Q

With inflammation in LUID what happens?

A

proteins leak into urine

101
Q

After the blood has passed through the glomerulus, the resulting filtrates….?

A

without RBC, very little protein, contains glucose, small amount of urea, isotonic

102
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb?

A

all glucose, 7/8 of NaCL, H20, Bicarbonate, Protein

103
Q

After passing through the proximal convoluted tubule, the resulting filtrate…?

A

decreased volume, no glucose, excess electrolytes, wastes, no amino acids

104
Q

In the presence of Aldosterone, more what is reabsorbed and is followed by water resulting in a more concentrated urine

A

Na+

105
Q

Where is the Loop of Henle located?

A

Extends into medulla of kidney

106
Q

What does the loop of henle do?

A

major fine tuning of filtrate

107
Q

In the loop of henle, tissue fluid concentration does what as it goes deeper into the kidney

A

increases

108
Q

What is it called when tissue fluid concentration increases as it goes deeper into the kidney?

A

concentration gradient

109
Q

What does concentration gradient help with?

A

helps pull water out of tubule and into tissues, helps concentrate urine

110
Q

After passing through the loop of henle, the resulting filtrate is?

A

excess components not needed by body, hypertonic, decreased volume by 5%

111
Q

What hormone is present after passing through the loop of henle that causes more decrease in volume over and above 5%?

A

Aldosterone

112
Q

What does aldersterone do?

A

conserves Na+ for the body and water follows into the blood with Na+

113
Q

Where does aldersterone come from?

A

adrenal glands

114
Q

Fine tuning electrolytes and water absorption in some species with the hormone ADH are the functions of what?

A

distal convoluted tubule

115
Q

ADH

A

antidiuretic hormone

116
Q

What can ADH also be called?

A

vasopressin

117
Q

What is ADH?

A

a water conserving hormone

118
Q

Where does ADH come from?

A

pituitary

119
Q

Resulting filtrate in distal convoluted tubule is what?

A

electrolytes the body doesn’t need, may be more concentrated if ADH present

120
Q

Collecting tubules do what?

A

more fine tuning, water absorption if ADH present, transports to pelvis and ureter

121
Q

What is the resulting filtrate in collecting tubules?

A

excess items body doesn’t need, may be more concentrated if ADH present

122
Q

Increased osmotic pressure at carotid arteries triggers release of what?

A

ADH

123
Q

ADH acts on what to increase water reabsorption?

A

collecting tubules

124
Q

When ADH acts on collecting tubules what happens to urine and blood volumes?

A

urine will be more concentrated and blood volumes will increase

125
Q

What is Aldosterone?

A

Na+ conserving hormone from adrenal gland

126
Q

Diuresis means what?

A

increased quantity of urine

127
Q

Water diuresis

A

drink a lot = increased urine volume

128
Q

in water diuresis, washes out concentration gradient so resorption of water is decreased from the what?

A

loop of henle

129
Q

In water diuresis, low blood osmotic pressure so what is not produced?

A

ADH

130
Q

What is an example of osmotic diuresis?

A

diabete mellitus

131
Q

In osmotic diuresis, increased glucose leaves the body and needs to be dissolves in water in order to what?

A

leave

132
Q

Increase water loss =

A

increased urine volume

133
Q

What is the rule of osmotic diuresis?

A

increase substance to be excreted must be in solution

134
Q

Erythropoiesis means what?

A

RBC growth

135
Q

Cells near glomerulus checks what?

A

O2 levels

136
Q

Hypoxia triggers release of what hormone from the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin

137
Q

Erythropoietin triggers what in bone marrow to increase RBC production?

A

stem cells

138
Q

Increased RBC means what?

A

increased O2

139
Q

Erythropoietin system stops when what happens?

A

O2 levels are adequate

140
Q

What happens with kidney disease resulting in reduced ability to respond to low oxygen by releasing erythropoietin?

A

anemia

141
Q

When could anemia happen?

A

renal disease, cardiac disease with concomitant renal disease

142
Q

Renal refers to what?

A

kidney

143
Q

Osmotic diuresis is due to what?

A

increased particles eliminated that need to be dissolved in water to leave

144
Q

diuretic

A

drug that promotes Na+ loss

145
Q

Some diuretics result in what?

A

K+ loss

146
Q

Plasma clearance

A

degree to which any substance is removed from the plasma by the kidneys and excreted in the urine

147
Q

which blood test is a good indicator of GFR?

A

creatinine

148
Q

Nephritis

A

inflammation of the kidneys

149
Q

Nephrosis

A

noninflammatory kidney disease

150
Q

what does nephrosis frequently involve?

A

degeneration of the tubules resulting in albumin lost in the urine

151
Q

Uremia

A

urine the blood

152
Q

Azotemia

A

uremia

153
Q

Urinary calculi or uroliths

A

stones

154
Q

Where may stones develop?

A

renal pelvis or in bladder

155
Q

what do stones do?

A

obstruct passage or urine

156
Q

Urolithiasis

A

presence of stones

157
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

obstruction of urine flow with back flow of urine

158
Q

What does pressure in hydronephrosis cause?

A

dilation of the renal pelvis and destruction of kidney substance

159
Q

Cystitis

A

inflammation of the bladder

160
Q

Pyelitis

A

inflammation of the renal pelvis

161
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

inflammation of the pelvis and kidney

162
Q

Cystitis, Pyelitis, Pyelonephritis may ascend from what?

A

external environment or be carried by the blood stream

163
Q

What is a cause of kidney infection?

A

bad teeth

164
Q

What triggers cystitis in cats?

A

mineral content of food

Anatomy (13 decks)

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