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Anatomy > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle weakness happens when?

A

in disease

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2
Q

shivering produces what?

A

heat to raise core body temperature

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3
Q

What muscle shivers to produce heat?

A

skeletal muscle

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4
Q

What muscle helps with locomotion?

A

skeletal muscle

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5
Q

What muscle helps with peristalsis?

A

smooth muscle

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6
Q

What muscle contributes in how a dog raises its “hackles”?

A

smooth muscle

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7
Q

In what muscle is an injection placed?

A

skeletal muscle

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8
Q

What 3 muscle types are there?

A

smooth, cardiac, and skeletal

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9
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

muscle that is involuntary unstriated

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10
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

muscle that is involuntary striated

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11
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

muscle that i voluntary striated

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12
Q

smooth muscle has

A

no striations

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13
Q

contraction is what within the smooth muscle?

A

inherent

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14
Q

smooth muscle is generally under what control?

A

autonomic

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15
Q

What is autonomic?

A

happens without thinking about it

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16
Q

how is smooth muscle shaped?

A

spindle-shaped, nucleus centrally located

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17
Q

Where is smooth muscle located?

A

wall of GI, urogenital system, blood vessel walls, respiratory tract, eye, raises hairs when cold or frightened

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18
Q

Cardiac muscle is what?

A

striated

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19
Q

contraction within the cardiac muscle is what?

A

inherent

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20
Q

What control is cardiac muscle under?

A

autonomic control

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21
Q

What is cardiac muscle shaped like?

A

star-shaped, has projections, nucleus centrally located`

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22
Q

Where is cardiac muscle located?

A

heart muscle

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23
Q

Skeletal muscle is what?

A

striated

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24
Q

What control is skeletal muscle under?

A

conscious control of contraction

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25
Q

What does the skeletal muscle look like?

A

separate, distinct muscles in many shapes

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26
Q

What kind of nucleus does skeletal muscle have?

A

multinucleated

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27
Q

Where is skeletal muscle located?

A

the “flesh” of animals

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28
Q

What does the connective tissue do for muscle cells?

A

surrounds and supports each muscle cell, bundle of muscle cells and groups of bundle that form the muscle

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29
Q

Connective tissue directs the pulls of what because of the harness formed by the connective tissue parts surrounding all of it?

A

muscle

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30
Q

Connective tissue provides a path for what?

A

blood vessels and nerves to enter and exit the muscle

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31
Q

which muscle cells intertwine to form a network of “anastomosing” cells?

A

cardiac muscle

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32
Q

The anastomosing cells from the what?

A

harness

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33
Q

Intercalated disks connect what to what to permit electrical transmission?

A

cell to cell

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34
Q

What readily spreads from cell to cell in cardiac muscle?

A

action potentials

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35
Q

Cardiac muscle works as a what?

A

single mass, “syncytium”

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36
Q

What is marbling?

A

fat found between muscle tissue bundles

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37
Q

Amount of connective tissue present in muscle combined with amount of fat present determines what?

A

relative toughness vs. tenderness of meat

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38
Q

What 3 different shapes can skeletal muscle have?

A

parallel, spindle shaped, penniform

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39
Q

What is parallel?

A

wide sheets and narrow bands

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40
Q

What is spindle-shaped?

A

fat center

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41
Q

What is penniform?

A

fan shaped and has the greatest power

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42
Q

Where is parallel found?

A

abdominal muscles have a wide sheet and inner thigh muscle has narrow bands

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43
Q

Where is spindle-shaped found?

A

biceps and triceps mm

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44
Q

Where is penniform found?

A

trapezius mm

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45
Q

How does muscle attach to bone?

A

tendons

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46
Q

Most tendons are what?

A

cords or bands

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47
Q

Some tendons are what?

A

flat sheets

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48
Q

aponeuroses

A

tendons that are flat sheets

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49
Q

Some tendons are so tiny that the muscle appears to do what?

A

attach directly to the bone

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50
Q

What two types of muscle do not attach to 2 different bones?

A

cutaneous trunk and sphincter muscles

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51
Q

What is the cutaneous trunci?

A

attachment between skin and c.t. over muscles

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52
Q

Wha does the cutaneous trunci allow the skin to do?

A

“flick” to remove a fly

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53
Q

What are sphincter muscles?

A

striated or smooth

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54
Q

Where are sphincter muscles located?

A

surrounding an opening

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55
Q

Flexors do what?

A

flex the joint

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56
Q

Extensors do what?

A

extend the joint

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57
Q

Adductors do what?

A

adduct the limb or bring it closer

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58
Q

Abductors do what?

A

abduct the limb or move it away

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59
Q

Synergists do what?

A

stabilize one or more bones

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60
Q

Why would a muscle groups be unacceptable for injection purposes?

A

damage to cuts of meat, no good place for an infection to easily drain without causing extensive tissue damage

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61
Q

What are some acceptable injection sites for the ham area of the rear thigh?

A

Quadriceps femoris, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

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62
Q

In what animals should injections be placed in the ham area of the rear thigh?

A

small animals, could be used in horse if needed to rotate injection sites during long treatment

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63
Q

What are some acceptable injection sites for the arm area of the front leg?

A

triceps

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64
Q

In what animals could an injection be given in the arm area of the front leg?

A

horse and small animals if needed to rotate shots during a long treatment

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65
Q

Where is an acceptable injection site in the chest?

A

pectorals

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66
Q

Where is an acceptable injection site in the back?

A

lumbar muscles

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67
Q

what injections may the lumbar muscles be used for?

A

deep IM injections

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68
Q

What is an acceptable injection site in the neck?

A

brachiocephalicus, omotransversarius, trapezius, serratus ventralis

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69
Q

In what animals is the preferred injection site in the neck?

A

cattle

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70
Q

one muscle fiber= once muscle cell= what?

A

one “myofiber”

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71
Q

Within the muscle cell there are how many myofibrils?

A

hundreds to thousands

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72
Q

within the myofibril are how many myofilaments?

A

4500

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73
Q

some fibers are built for what and others are built for what?

A

endurance and quick action

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74
Q

Quarter horse have more what?

A

quick fibers

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75
Q

Arabian has more what?

A

endurance fibers

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76
Q

What are the contractile elements?

A

actin and myosin

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77
Q

“cross bridges” on the myosin link with what during contraction and pull it toward the center of the muscle cell

A

actin

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78
Q

The movement of actin along the myosin causes the striped pattern of what muscle?

A

skeletal

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79
Q

a piece of muscle placed under the microscope will have visible stripes due to what?

A

overlap of actin and myosin

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80
Q

What is the role of the sarcotubular system?

A

rapid transit for muscle messages

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81
Q

What is the sarcotubular system?

A

a network of tubes

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82
Q

what does the sarcotubular system surround?

A

each myofibril

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83
Q

What does the sarcotubular system form?

A

a connecting system that allows rapid conduction of nerve impulses to all parts of the muscle fiber at one time

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84
Q

What does the sarcotubular system provide?

A

for more synchronized contraction

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85
Q

In the sarcotubular system, the entire muscle fiber is depolarized simultaneously and soon does what?

A

contracts all together

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86
Q

How does nerve information get to the muscle cell?

A

through the motor unit

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87
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

the nerve fiber plus all the muscle fibers innervated

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88
Q

A muscle fiber is also a what?

A

muscle cell

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89
Q

one nerve will branch to what?

A

many muscle cells

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90
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

the point where the nerve reaches the muscle fiber

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91
Q

What separates the nerve ending and the muscle in the neuromuscular junction?

A

a space

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92
Q

In the neuromuscular junction when nerve is stimulated, the information travels along what to the end of the nerve?

A

never fiber

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93
Q

acetylcholine stored at the end of the nerve and is released into what?

A

the neuromuscular junction

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94
Q

What is Acetylcholine?

A

transmitter substance or a neurotransmitter

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95
Q

Ach binds with what on the muscle fiber surface?

A

receptor sites

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96
Q

Ach increases what of the muscle fiber membrane to sodium?

A

permeability

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97
Q

Ach what kind of drug?

A

the “classic cholinergic agonist” drug

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98
Q

Ach should not be used how?

A

clinically

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99
Q

Ach stimulates what?

A

cholinergic sites

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100
Q

Depolarization moves how?

A

in all directions from the neuromuscular junction

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101
Q

Depolarization spreads how?

A

rapidly to the entire muscle through the sarcotubular system

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102
Q

The sarcotubular system releases what into the area around the actin and myosin contractile elements

A

calcium

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103
Q

Calcium helps what to form?

A

cross-bridges

104
Q

not every nerve signal does what?

A

triggers a noticeable muscle contraction

105
Q

individual muscles may contract but not what?

A

the entire muscle

106
Q

If the change in cell charge is not enough to trigger a change all along the cell what happens?

A

depolarization will not occur beyond the area of the receptor site and the entire muscle cell will not contract

107
Q

if the threshold is met fiber contracts to it maximum for the conditions at the time of stimulation.. fatigue will result in less contraction. Threshold not met then no contraction is an example of what?

A

the all or none rule

108
Q

small contractions maintain the what of the muscle?

A

tone

109
Q

small contractions makes the difference between a firm, healthy muscle at rest at rest and the soft, flabby unused muscle resulting from what?

A

nerve paralysis

110
Q

A contraction will not be seen unless what?

A

the stimulus is enough to trigger many muscle fibers to contract

111
Q

What is the #1 important role of calcium?

A

accelerates ACh release from the end of the nerve

112
Q

What is the #2 important role of calcium?

A

initiated the contraction process at the level of the myofilaments

113
Q

What is the #3 important role of calcium?

A

initiates muscle relaxation when the calcium returns from the myofilaments to the sarcotubular system

114
Q

What is the #4 important role of calcium?

A

contributes to ATP release

115
Q

When Ca+ is low there is a what ACh release from the nerve ending

A

decreased

116
Q

The decreased ACh may not be enough to cause what of the entire muscle cell membrane and production of an impulse in the muscle

A

depolarization

117
Q

Decreased calcium levels may not be enough to do what?

A

form cross-bridges and cause myofilament shortening

118
Q

What is the result of accelerating ACh release from the end of the nerve?

A

no muscle contraction will occur

119
Q

What is the result of initiating the contraction process at the level of the myofilaments?

A

no contraction will occur

120
Q

Low calcium in situations such as hypocalcemia, parturient paresis, milk fever, and eclampsia cause what?

A

muscle weakness

121
Q

In cows low calcium is one of many causes of what?

A

downer cow syndrome

122
Q

What is downer cow syndrome?

A

the cow is down and can’t get up

123
Q

At the end of contraction, calcium is pumped out of the area of the myofilaments and back where?

A

to the sarcotubular system

124
Q

When calcium leaves, what occurs?

A

muscle relaxation

125
Q

Low ATP can cause muscles to fail to do what?

A

relax

126
Q

When calcium levels are low, not enough what is produced?

A

ATP

127
Q

There will not be enough energy to move Ca+ away from the myofilaments and back into where?

A

sarcotubular system

128
Q

What is ATP?

A

the process of muscle contraction requires energy

129
Q

ATP is the immediate source of what?

A

energy

130
Q

ATP changes to what to be used again?

A

ADP+ Creatine phosphate

131
Q

Creatine phosphate is in what in the muscle?

A

high concentration

132
Q

what is required for contraction?

A

ATP and Calcium

133
Q

What is required for relaxation and return of Ca+ to sarcotubular system?

A

ATP

134
Q

How much ATP is needed for muscle contraction?

A

low amounts

135
Q

How much ATP is needed for muscle relaxation?

A

high amounts

136
Q

With low ATP levels a muscle may be able to do what?

A

contract but not relax

137
Q

Acetylcholinesterase inactivates ACh very soon after what?

A

impulse for muscle contraction occurs contractions are quick

138
Q

With acetylcholinesterase, effects of ACh at the neuromuscular junction are what?

A

prolonged

139
Q

Desirable in some disease state where too much of what stops the action of ACh too soon

A

acetylcholinesterase

140
Q

Anti cholinesterase interferes with what and allows ACh to build up and act longer?

A

acetylcholinsterase

141
Q

What is used to treat rumen atony?

A

physostigmine and neostigmine

142
Q

How does physostigmine and neostigmine work to treat rumen atony?

A

increases gastric emptying, stimulates peristalsis, empties the bladder of large animals, aid in Dx of myasthenia gravis

143
Q

Too much anti cholinesterase is what?

A

toxic

144
Q

too much anti cholinesterase causes what?

A

prolonged ACh effect

145
Q

Muscle spasms and asphyxiation due to spasms of skeletal muscle is necessary for what?

A

respiration

146
Q

How else is anti cholinesterase used?

A

nerve gas in WWII and Insecticides

147
Q

What are some organophosphates used in insecticides?

A

malathion, parathion, and diazinon

148
Q

How are insecticides applied?

A

external and orally

149
Q

When are insecticides dangerous to animals and humans applying them?

A

if directions are not followed accurately

150
Q

What is a symptom of toxicity?

A

drooling

151
Q

What is very important to body function?

A

heat

152
Q

heat is very important to maintain normal body temperatures essential for normal what to occur?

A

body chemical reactions

153
Q

A reduction in what will result in a slowing of metabolism with potentially bad results

A

body temperature

154
Q

body cooling may result in what?

A

shivering

155
Q

shivering is the body’s attempt to do what?

A

generate heat by muscle contraction

156
Q

When a newborn calf is cold and weak what might it need?

A

animal needs to be warmed up before it is fed or the food will not digest

157
Q

When a newborn calf is cold and weak what might it be?

A

dehydrated, this will cause poor blood flow to the digestive system

158
Q

When a newborn calf is cold and weak what should be done?

A

warm it up and replace fluids, then feed it

159
Q

What do reptiles depend on for their body temperature?

A

environmental temperature

160
Q

Without a heat source in a reptiles cage, a pet reptile will get so cold it cannot do what?

A

digest food

161
Q

Placing a heat source in a reptiles cage allows what?

A

warm and cool areas

162
Q

Why is it important to have a warm area in a reptiles cage?

A

it has somewhere to go to digest food

163
Q

Surgery is a prime place for what to occur in a veterinary practice?

A

heat loss

164
Q

water circulating blankets, warm air blankets, warm IV fluids, socks, plastic wrap, bottles filled with hot water, rice bags, baer huggers are ways to do what?

A

avoid heat loss during surgery

165
Q

What is summation?

A

an addictive effect of contraction

166
Q

what is the 1st way a summation can occur?

A

the more motor units stimulated to contract at the same time, the stronger the contraction

167
Q

What is the 2nd way a summation can occur?

A

increased frequency of contraction rate allows subsequent contractions to merge into a single stronger contraction

168
Q

Under normal circumstances which way of summation occurs?

A

both of them

169
Q

What is tetany?

A

continuous contraction (or muscle spasm)

170
Q

How does tetany happen?

A

stimulus to contract has been so rapid that continuous contraction is the result

171
Q

What causes tetany?

A

many disease conditions

172
Q

What is warming up?

A

improved muscle contraction strength by slowly increasing use when first beginning to use muscles

173
Q

What is needed before maximum efficiency is reached for warming up?

A

30 contractions

174
Q

What is fatigue?

A

decreased force of contraction

175
Q

what is fatigue due to?

A

decrease in energy supply and calcium to the myofilaments actin and myosin

176
Q

muscle contraction itself comprises what decreasing blood flow to muscle and adding to conditions supporting muscle fatigue?

A

blood vessels

177
Q

What is rigor?

A

extreme fatigue

178
Q

Decreased blood flow to muscle produces what?

A

ischemia, lack of blood supply in and lack of blood flow out

179
Q

what is ischemia?

A

lack of blood

180
Q

What happens during rigor to ATP?

A

depletes it

181
Q

What does not occur during rigor?

A

muscle relaxation

182
Q

What is rigor mortis?

A

rigor occurring after death

183
Q

With muscle decomposition what is released from the sarcotubular system?

A

calcium

184
Q

Calcium causes what to lock together and form cross-bridges as in life- muscles contract

A

myofilaments

185
Q

without what, muscle contraction continues until cell autolysis and protein degradation break down the muscle

A

ATP

186
Q

What is tone?

A

slight tension exhibited by all muscles at rest

187
Q

What happens during tone?

A

continuous nerve transmission to muscle keeps the muscle ready to contract if stimulated

188
Q

Tone varies with what?

A

mental state

189
Q

when you are anxious what happens to tone?

A

intensified muscle tone

190
Q

When you are asleep what happens to tone?

A

low muscle tone allows relaxation

191
Q

What is atrophy?

A

decrease in size

192
Q

What is atrophy due to?

A

disuse and denervation

193
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

increase in size of individual cells

194
Q

all increases in size of muscle at any stage in life following bitch are due to hypertrophy of individual muscle fibers happens during what?

A

hypertrophy

195
Q

When is hypertrophy normal?

A

during weight lifting

196
Q

when is hypertrophy abnormal?

A

high mountain disease of cattle

197
Q

what is high mountain disease?

A

pulmonary hypertensive heart disease or brisket disease

198
Q

what animals are uniquely susceptible to high mountain disease?

A

cattle

199
Q

when are cattle susceptible to high mountain disease?

A

when living above 6,500 ft

200
Q

what animals having strong responses to high mountain disease?

A

cattle, horses, pigs

201
Q

what animals are weak responders to high mountain disease?

A

humans, dogs, guinea pigs, llamas

202
Q

What is pulmonary hypertensive heart disease?

A

response to chronic hypoxia, hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis of high -altitude environment

203
Q

response to chronic hypoxia, hypocapnia, respiratory alkalosis of high -altitude environment, these changes collectively result in what?

A

pulmonary vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension and ultimately lead to congestive heart failure

204
Q

what is hyperplasia?

A

increase in size due to increase in # of cells

205
Q

in smooth muscle myofilaments actin and myosin are present but not what?

A

aligned

206
Q

in smooth muscle innervation is what?

A

dual usually

207
Q

what cause simultaneous smooth muscle stimulation and inhibition?

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

208
Q

in smooth muscle fraction of cells are supplied with what?

A

nerves

209
Q

pacemaker cell points can initiate what of smooth muscle?

A

depolarization and contraction

210
Q

what is not needed for smooth muscle to contract?

A

nerve stimulation

211
Q

smooth muscle is sensitive to what all over through pacemaker cells?

A

stimuli

212
Q

in smooth muscle, stimuli as what causes contraction?

A

distention, chemical, hormonal, and self excitation

213
Q

in smooth muscle what is poorly developed?

A

sarcotubular system

214
Q

what is the result in smooth muscle when the sarcotubular systems are poorly developed?

A

slower response time and longer duration of contraction

215
Q

in smooth muscle the result is harder to what?

A

fatigue or tetanize smooth muscle

216
Q

in smooth muscle the result in contractions are often what?

A

rhythmic

217
Q

in smooth muscle the result has what kind of stretching possible without a contraction resulting?

A

gradual

218
Q

gradual stretching in the smooth muscle allows stomach, bladder, food, and uterus to do what?

A

stomach and bladder to fill, food to pass down intestine, and uterus to stretch during gestation

219
Q

what often causes contraction in smooth muscle?

A

sudden stretch

220
Q

what characteristics of smooth muscle allow what features as well>

A

constant pressure with little cell energy

allows constant degree of contraction for normal function

221
Q

with calcium and smooth muscle what is linked to calcium as it is in skeletal muscle?

A

contraction and relaxation

222
Q

some calcium is stored in what?

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

223
Q

many smooth muscle cells contain what in the outer cell membrane?

A

calcium channels

224
Q

what are calcium channels?

A

voltage-gated or ligand-gated channels

225
Q

when calcium channels open what happens?

A

calcium diffuses in to initiate muscle contraction

226
Q

what triggers calcium channels to open?

A

changes in membrane potential or presence of specific ligands

227
Q

receptors for different ligands present on what muscle of different organs?

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

228
Q

contraction produced only of organs with what for the specific ligand?

A

receptors

229
Q

what are calcium channel blockers?

A

a type of drug

230
Q

what do calcium channel blockers do?

A

bind to and inactivate calcium channels

231
Q

what do calcium channel blockers do?

A

prevent influx of calcium and therefore contraction of smooth muscle/cardiac muscle

232
Q

what does calcium channel blockers do to smooth muscle?

A

reduce the strength of contractions

233
Q

where in smooth muscle are there calcium channels?

A

in the walls of many arteries

234
Q

calcium channel blockers are effective to what in humans and animals?

A

lower blood pressure

235
Q

what do calcium channel blockers do to cardiac muscle?

A

blocks influx of calcium ions

236
Q

calcium channel blockers act to control what but slowing the rate of sinoatrial node discharge and the conduction velocity through the atrioventricular node?

A

arrhythmias

237
Q

what are some calcium blocker drug examples?

A

verapamil and nifedipine

238
Q

in cardiac muscle what is present?

A

actin and myosin

239
Q

in cardiac muscle what branch and join in?

A

fibers (cells)

240
Q

what so fibers, actin, and myosin do to form a network?

A

anastomose together

241
Q

in cardiac muscle what is not as well developed?

A

sarcotubular system

242
Q

what are intercalated disks?

A

provide connection between cardiac cells

243
Q

what do intercalated disks do?

A

permit electrical transmission from one cardiac muscle cell to the next

244
Q

what can readily spread from cell to cell allowing muscle to act electrical and mechanically as a functional syncytium

A

action potentials

245
Q

high requirement for what in cardiac muscle?

A

ATP

246
Q

ATP production is what?

A

aerobic

247
Q

disruption of blood supply quickly results in what ?

A

myocardial ischemia and symptoms of heart attack

248
Q

in cardiac muscles what is not required?

A

nerve stimulation

249
Q

own intrinsic ability to generate action potentials via what?

A

pacemaker cells

250
Q

what depolarizes faster than any other part of the heart muscle?

A

normal pacemaker is SA node

251
Q

if SA node is diseased, what happens?

A

other pacemaker areas take over

252
Q

what nerves alter or regulate heart rate which SA node normally sets

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

253
Q

cardiac muscle contraction slower than what and lasts longer as action potential?

A

skeletal muscle

254
Q

in cardiac muscle the result is what kind of contraction?

A

slow and sustained contraction

255
Q

in cardiac muscle tetany is what?

A

rare

256
Q

what does slow and sustained contraction allow for in cardiac muscle?

A

filling and emptying of heart chambers

257
Q

what does time delay allow for in cardiac muscle?

A

depolarization and relaxation of muscle

Anatomy (13 decks)

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