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Anatomy > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is arthrology?

A

the study of joints

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2
Q

What are joints?

A

articulations

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3
Q

not all joints allow what?

A

movement

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4
Q

what 3 things can joints be?

A

immovable, slightly moveable, and freely moveable

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5
Q

what is an example of immovable joints?

A

sutures in the skull

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6
Q

what is an example of slightly moveable joints?

A

joint between splint bone and cannon joint between tooth and socket in skull

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7
Q

what is an example of freely moveable joints?

A

hip, stifle, shoulder, elbow, carpal joints

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8
Q

What can freely moveable joints also be called?

A

synovial joints

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9
Q

What are joints classified by?

A

structure and material joining the bones together

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10
Q

What are the 3 general types of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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11
Q

fibrous joints have no what?

A

joint cavity

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12
Q

what does fibrous tissue do?

A

joins the bones

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13
Q

in some cases what does fibrous tissue do?

A

later ossifies

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14
Q

what do fibrous joints allow?

A

slight movement for some areas, no movement for others

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15
Q

joint between the splint bones and the cannon, sutures of the skull, and joints between teeth and sockets in the skull are examples of what type of joint?

A

fibrous

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16
Q

cartilaginous joints have no what?

A

joint cavity

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17
Q

cartilaginous joints does what?

A

joins bones together

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18
Q

cartilaginous joints are what?

A

immoveable

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19
Q

what is an exception to cartilaginous joints being immovable?

A

hormonal influence on the joints of the pelvis at partition allows for slight relaxation of the joints to enlarge the birth canal

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20
Q

growth plate of immature bone, fibrocartilage connects adjacent sternebrae, fibrocartilage connects adjacent vertebrae at the disc area between the vertebral bodies, adjacent pelvic bones, and mandibular symphysis are all examples of what type of joint?

A

cartilaginous

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21
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

the joints we think of when we talk about joints

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22
Q

synovial joints have a what?

A

joint cavity

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23
Q

synovial joints are what?

A

freely moveable

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24
Q

carpus, stifle, some intervertebral joints, connection of ribs to vertebrae, and hips are all examples of what type of joint?

A

synovial

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25
Q

What are the 4 parts of a synovial joint?

A

articular surfaces, articular cartilage, articular cavity, and joint capsule

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26
Q

where are articular surfaces located?

A

ends of bones within the joint

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27
Q

what are articular surfaces made of?

A

compact bone

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28
Q

What covers the n compact bone on the articular surfaces in articular cartilage?

A

hyaline cartilage

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29
Q

What is an articular cavity?

A

joint cavity, potential space between the bones

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30
Q

what is a joint capsule?

A

consists of 2 parts with a fat pad between in some areas

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31
Q

what are the 2 parts of the joint capsule?

A

synovial membrane and fibrous membrane

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32
Q

what is a synovial membrane?

A

inner part of the joint capsule

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33
Q

what fluid does the synovial membrane secrete?

A

synovial fluid

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34
Q

what does synovial fluid look like?

A

clear and thick

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35
Q

what does synovial fluid do?

A

lubricates to decrease friction

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36
Q

when does synovial fluid increase?

A

in inflammation, arthritis

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37
Q

what is a fibrous membrane?

A

outside part of the joint capsule

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38
Q

what might the fibrous membrane contain?

A

extra capsular ligaments

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39
Q

what 2 types of ligaments are there?

A

extra capsular ligaments and intracapsular ligaments

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40
Q

where are extra capsular ligaments located?

A

in fibrous membrane of joint capsule

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41
Q

where are intracapsular ligaments located?

A

within the joint itself

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42
Q

what are some examples of extra capsular ligaments?

A

collateral, dorsal, palmer, and annular

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43
Q

where are collateral ligaments located?

A

on medial and lateral sides of joint

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44
Q

where are dorsal ligaments located?

A

front of joint

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45
Q

where are palmar joints located?

A

on back, ventral, posterior surfaces of joint

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46
Q

where are annular ligaments located?

A

surround joint in a ring shape

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47
Q

where are cruciate ligaments located?

A

within the stifle joint

48
Q

what are the 2 types of cruciate ligaments?

A

anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament

49
Q

where is the anterior cruciate ligament located?

A

lateral condyle to cranial tibia

50
Q

where is the posterior cruciate ligament located?

A

medial condyle to caudal tibia

51
Q

what are some examples of intracapsular ligaments?

A

cruciate ligaments, carpal/tarsal ligaments, and round ligament

52
Q

what does a carpal/tarsal ligament do?

A

hold carpal/tarsal bones together

53
Q

what does a round ligament do?

A

holds hip in the socket

54
Q

where is the meniscus located?

A

at the stifle

55
Q

what is a meniscus?

A

fibrocartilage cushion between the femur and tibia

56
Q

what does the meniscus act as?

A

a shock absorber

57
Q

a torn meniscus can cause what?

A

some difficulty

58
Q

What are 2 types of synovial joints?

A

simple and compound

59
Q

what is a simple synovial joint?

A

only two bones involved within the joint capsule

60
Q

what is a compound synovial joint?

A

more than 2 bones involved within the same joint capsule

61
Q

what is an example of simple synovial joint?

A

shoulder joint and hip joint

62
Q

what is an example of compound synovial joint?

A

carpals, tarsals, radio-ulnar-carpal joint

63
Q

a compound joint such as the tarsus (hock) may also have more than one what?

A

joint capsule

64
Q

what is another synovial structure?

A

bursa

65
Q

bursa is not associated with a what?

A

joint

66
Q

what is a bursa?

A

synovial sac located between two structures that rub against each other

67
Q

what does the bursa d?

A

protects structures that move a short distance in relation to each other

68
Q

increase in fluid in the bursa is seen with what?

A

inflammation or bursitis

69
Q

what is a bicipital bursa?

A

where the biceps tendon crosses the point of the shoulder and rubs the humerus

70
Q

what is inflammation of the bicipital bursa called?

A

bicipital bursitis

71
Q

what is the atlantal bursa?

A

where the ligaments nuchae contacts the atlas

72
Q

what is inflammation of the atlantan bursa called?

A

poll evil

73
Q

what is supraspinous bursa?

A

ligamentum niche contacts the spinous process of the T2 vertebrae

74
Q

what is inflammation of the supraspinous bursa called?

A

fistulous withers

75
Q

what is inflammation of the bursa between triceps tendon and olecranon process of the ulna called?

A

capped elbow in large animals and hygroma in small animals

76
Q

what is a synovial sheath?

A

elongated bursa between tendon and surrounding tissue

77
Q

what does the synovial sheath protect?

A

structures moving over a long distance

78
Q

what does the synovial sheath surround?

A

the tendon

79
Q

what is increase in fluid in the synovial sheath called?

A

synovitis

80
Q

if the tendon surrounded by synovial sheath is inflamed what is it called?

A

tendosynovitis

81
Q

what are some examples of synovial sheaths?

A

synovial sheath around the superficial digital flexor tendon over the cannon bone and synovial sheath around the deep digital flexor tendon over the cannon bone and above the flock

82
Q

inflammation involving both types of synovial sheaths over the cannon bone is called what?

A

bowed tendon

83
Q

inflammation involving the deep digital flexor tendon above the hock

A

thouroughpin

84
Q

what ways can a joint move?

A

hinge, gliding, rotary, and ball and socket

85
Q

what can a hinge also be called?

A

ginglymus

86
Q

what does hinge movement do?

A

allows flexion, extension and hyperextension

87
Q

what are some examples of things that use hinge movement?

A

fetlock, atlanto-occipital joint, jaw when it opens and closes

88
Q

what can gliding movement also be called?

A

arthrodial

89
Q

what does the gliding movement do?

A

gliding movements on small, flat surfaces

90
Q

what is an example of a thing that used gliding movement?

A

between carpal bones

91
Q

what can rotary movement also be called?

A

trochoid

92
Q

what does rotary movement do?

A

pivots around one axis

93
Q

what is an example of joint that uses rotary movement?

A

atlanto-axial joint

94
Q

what can ball and socket movement also be called?

A

spheroid or enarthrodial

95
Q

what does ball and socket movement do?

A

many movements possible

96
Q

what is an example of joints that use ball and socket movement?

A

coxo-femoral (hip) and scapulo-humeral (shoulder)

97
Q

what types of joint injuries are there?

A

dislocations, fractures, sprains, cuts, punctures

98
Q

what can dislocation also be called?

A

luxation

99
Q

what happens during dislocation?

A

stretch/tear ligaments, stretch/tear joint capsule, tear blood vessels

100
Q

why is early treatment important in dislocation?

A

to avoid joint cavity filling with connective tissue

101
Q

what happens when dislocation is not treated?

A

result is possible functional false joint, as the blood clot surrounding the bone becomes organized or mature, movement may be allowed

102
Q

what happens with a fracture?

A

if located near or within a joint it is hard to reduce and immobilize the fracture

103
Q

what happens during a sprain?

A

stretched ligaments

104
Q

how should a sprain be treated?

A

with rest

105
Q

what are cuts?

A

open the joint and may involve tendons, tendon sheaths

106
Q

what does lost fluid in a cut result in?

A

decreased lubrication; joint moves less

107
Q

what enters a cut from outside the body?

A

infection

108
Q

what do punctures usually get from outside the body?

A

infected

109
Q

what may a puncture involve?

A

tendons and sheaths

110
Q

punctures are what?

A

insidious

111
Q

what does insidious mean?

A

not noticed for a few days

112
Q

punctures can appear how?

A

suddenly when has really been there a while

113
Q

the nature of a puncture wound delays what?

A

treatment of the joint and the infection present

114
Q

what is arthritis?

A

inflammation of the joint with swelling and pain regardless of cause

115
Q

what is septic arthritis?

A

infection from a cut, puncture, hematogenous spread or lymphogenous spread

Anatomy (13 decks)

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