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Anatomy > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of Respiratory System

A

Those structures involved in the exchange of gases between the blood and external system or environment

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2
Q

What are the Major functions of the Respiratory System?

A

Supply O2 and Remove CO2

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3
Q

How long can an animal live without O2?

A

ONLY the time needed for 500 heart beats before death occurs, so time will vary with species and normal HR

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4
Q

What are the Minor functions of the Respiratory System?

A

Assist regulation of acidity by CO2 removal, Assist Temperature control, Eliminate H2O, Phonation

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5
Q

How does the Respiratory System assist temperature control?

A

by panting

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6
Q

What does phonation mean?

A

voice

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7
Q

Dyspnea

A

Difficult breathing

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8
Q

Apnea

A

Absence of breathing

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9
Q

Hyperpnea

A

Abnormal increased depth and rate of breathing but not labored

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10
Q

Polypnea=Tachypnea

A

Rapid, shallow breathing

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11
Q

Tidal Volume

A

volume of air inspired/expired during normal respiration

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12
Q

Dead space

A

Area of respiratory tract where gas exchange does not occur

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13
Q

What is normal in the Respiratory System?

A

nasal passages, mouth, pharynx, trachea, mainstream bronchi, lobar bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts

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14
Q

What is abnormal in the Respiratory System?

A

collapsed lung

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15
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low O2 in the blood

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16
Q

Hypocapnia

A

Low CO2 in the blood?

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17
Q

Hypercapnia

A

Excess CO2 in the blood

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18
Q

Nares

A

nostrils

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19
Q

Muzzle

A

continuous with the nares

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20
Q

What is the muzzle in a horse?

A

the organ of touch

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21
Q

Planum nasale

A

non-haired area of the muzzle

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22
Q

nasal cavity

A

Air passage to pharynx bordered by hard and soft palate, median septum (anterior), and choanae (posterior)

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23
Q

What do mm lined turbinates help with?

A

warm inspired air

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24
Q

Where are the olfactory nerve endings located?

A

at dorsal caudal portion

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25
Q

Sinuses

A

air filled cavities connecting to nasal cavity

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26
Q

Where are sinuses located?

A

maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal bones

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27
Q

Pharynx

A

Area between mouth/nasal cavity to the front and larynx/esophagus to the rear

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28
Q

Where do the Eustachian tube open?

A

into the pharynx from the middle ear

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29
Q

How is the Eustachian tube different in the horse?

A

it has a large ventral pouch or diverticulum called the GUTTURAL POUCH

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30
Q

Larynx

A

voice box

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31
Q

What does the Larynx control?

A

inspiration and expiration

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32
Q

What does the Larynx prevent?

A

inhalation of foreign objects

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33
Q

How many cartilages does the Larynx have?

A

5

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34
Q

Where is the epiglottic cartilage located?

A

at the base of the tongue

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35
Q

What does the epiglottic cartilage do?

A

directs passage of air vs. food

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36
Q

What is the epiglottic cartilage a landmark for?

A

passing an endotracheal tube into the trachea for inhalant anesthesia and to maintain an open airway

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37
Q

What cartilages are in the Larynx?

A

1 Epiglottic, 2 Arytenoid, 1 Cricoid, 1 Thyroid

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38
Q

What do the 2 Arytenoid cartilages do?

A

close glottis, tighten/loosen vocal chors

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39
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage look like?

A

“ring-shaped”

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40
Q

What does the cricoid cartilage do?

A

retains shape of larynx so air can pass

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41
Q

What does the thyroid cartilage look like?

A

“U-shaped”

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42
Q

What does the thyroid cartilage do?

A

also helps keep larynx open

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43
Q

The combination of the 4 overlapping cartilages behind the epiglottis does what?

A

makes the voice box rigid

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44
Q

What does the Trachea have?

A

series of incomplete cartilage rings- “C” shaped

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45
Q

In most animals, the circular structure is completed by a ____/_________ strip on ________

A

muscle/connective tissue, dorsal surface

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46
Q

What does the connective tissue do in the Trachea of animals?

A

Allows for change in diameter with increased air flow

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47
Q

Which animals have complete rings in their Trachea?

A

birds and reptiles

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48
Q

What is different in the Trachea in birds and reptiles?

A

usually non collapsable, Interior is smooth and glistening.

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49
Q

What happens to the Trachea at the base of the heart?

A

Bifurcation. Divides to form 2 principle mainstem bronchi

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50
Q

What does the Bifurcation of the Trachea do?

A

Directs air to right and left lungs

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51
Q

What does the lobar bronchi do?

A

take air to each lung lobe

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52
Q

What branches off form lobar bronchi and lead to alveolar ducts?

A

Bronchioles

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53
Q

What occurs in the Alveoli?

A

Air exchange

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54
Q

What projects from the surfaces of cells lining much of the respiratory tree?

A

Cilia

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55
Q

What is the purpose of Cilia?

A

to move foreign bodies out

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56
Q

Viral diseases that destroy cilia allows what?

A

secretions to settle in the lungs

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57
Q

What completely fills most of the available space in the thorax?

A

The lungs

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58
Q

What is located at middle of medial surface of each lung?

A

The Hilus

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59
Q

What happens at the Hilus?

A

Pulmonary artery, bronchus, nerves enter and pulmonary vein lymphatics leave

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60
Q

What lobes does the left lung contain?

A

Apical and Diaphragmatic

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61
Q

What lobes does the right lung contain?

A

Apical, Cardiac, Diaphragmatic, and Accessory

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62
Q

What is another name for the Accessory lobe?

A

Intermediate

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63
Q

What is another name for the Cardiac lobe?

A

Middle

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64
Q

What are other names for Apical and Diaphragmatic?

A

Cranial and Caudal

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65
Q

What is different in the horse lung?

A

it has no visible subdivisions

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66
Q

What is the exception in the horse lung?

A

No subdivisions except the intermediate lobe on Right lung.

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67
Q

What is a Cardiac notch?

A

Space where heart is against thoracic wall

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68
Q

Where is the Cardiac notch located?

A

Right lung

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69
Q

How is the Cardiac notch used?

A

as a place to access heart without hurting lung

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70
Q

What is pulmonary surfactant?

A

A substance that reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli

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71
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant do?

A

Reduces pressure needed to inflate smaller alveoli

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72
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant do to the lungs?

A

makes them easier to inflate and harder to collapse

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73
Q

With pulmonary surfactant, what happens once a lung has inflated?

A

it will never completely collapse

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74
Q

After an animal takes a breath the lungs will ________

A

never completely collapse

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75
Q

When is pulmonary surfactant not present?

A

pre-partuition

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76
Q

If it is known that pulmonary surfactant is not present you should do what?

A

Plan to C-section

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77
Q

How do you treat lack of Pulmonary Surfactant pre-C-section?

A

treat dam w/ steroids 1-2 d to stimulate production of lung surfactant

78
Q

What happens if you give too much steroids pre-C-section?

A

induce labor

79
Q

What are some boundaries of the thorax?

A

thoracic inlet, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, diaphragm

80
Q

What does pleura do?

A

Facilitates movement of lungs with help of pleural fluid

81
Q

Parietal pleura covers what in the chest cavity?

A

wall

82
Q

Visceral pleura covers what in the chest cavity?

A

contents

83
Q

Mediastinum divides what?

A

chest cavity down the middle

84
Q

Cranial mediastinum contains what?

A

Trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, great vessels, thymus

85
Q

Middle mediastinum contains what?

A

heart

86
Q

Caudal mediastinum contains what?

A

esophagus, aorta, caudal vena cava

87
Q

Upper airway contains what?

A

nose and all passageways to the trachea and down to the bronchi until they enter the lung

88
Q

Lower airway contains what?

A

Lungs and all passageways within the lungs

89
Q

Normal pressure within the chest cavity is what?

A

NEGATIVE

90
Q

A penetrating wound to the chest will cause air to be what?

A

sucked into the cavity because of this low pressure compared to atmospheric pressure

91
Q

How is breathing accomplished?

A

Enlargement of the thoracic cavity

92
Q

What happens to the Diaphragm when we breathe?

A

moves down

93
Q

What happens to the Ribs when we breathe?

A

moves outward and forward

94
Q

What does the movement of breathing increase?

A

the negative pressure in the pleural cavity

95
Q

Expiration occurs _______

A

passively

96
Q

What makes costal cartilages, lungs, and the abdominal wall want to return to their original positions?

A

elasticity

97
Q

What is not required for normal expiration?

A

no effort

98
Q

CPCR means?

A

Cardiopulmonary Cerebrovascular Resuscitation

99
Q

What happens with CPCR?

A

1 sec breath and 5 sec read between breaths

100
Q

How many breaths per/ minute?

A

10 breaths per/minute

101
Q

What does forced expiration require?

A

muscular effort

102
Q

What do the abdominal muscles do in forced expiration?

A

push diaphragm forward

103
Q

What do chest muscles do in forced expiration?

A

pull ribs caudad

104
Q

What is forced expiration seen as in some disease processes?

A

seen as heaves

105
Q

Is forced expiration seen in some normal processes?

A

yes

106
Q

How is forced expiration seen in normal processes?

A

Strong expiratory effort with the glottis closed

107
Q

Defecation, micturition, partuition= _________

A

straining

108
Q

When does inspiratory effort with glottis closed occur?

A

belching and vomiting

109
Q

What does inspiratory effort with glottis closed assist in?

A

regurgitation of food for re-chewing in ruminants

110
Q

What does inspiratory effort with glottis closed aid in?

A

return of blood and lymph to the heart

111
Q

Normal respiration is reflex in what?

A

nature

112
Q

even through majority of muscle involved is what?

A

striated m.

113
Q

What muscle is found only in walls of pulmonary blood vessels and walls of some air passages?

A

smooth m.

114
Q

Respiratory mechanism of the brain consists of nerve cells in what?

A

the brainstem

115
Q

In Inspiration nerve impulses transmitted from _________ down spinal cord to cervical spinal cord segments

A

Brainstem

116
Q

Phrenic nerves pass from cord to diaphragm and cause what?

A

contraction of diaphragm

117
Q

Intercostal nerves from cord stimulate what to do what?

A

intercostal muscles of the ribs to contract

118
Q

Increased ____________ sucks air into the lungs

A

negative pressure in the lungs

119
Q

In Expiration feedback system operates to allow _________ of the diaphragm and rib ______ for passive expiration

A

relaxation, muscles

120
Q

The feedback in expiration inhibits what?

A

the inspiratory center

121
Q

What is directed back to the brainstem and inhibits the inspiratory center?

A

branch of the phrenic nerve

122
Q

What happens overtime the diaphragm is stimulated the feedback loop is what?

A

stimulated so even the lungs are inflating.

123
Q

What from the vagus nerve are located in the lung parenchyma, visceral pleura, and bronchioles?

A

Stretch receptors

124
Q

What do stretch receptors do to prevent over-distention of the lungs?

A

inhibit the inspiratory center

125
Q

Air is brought up into the lungs up to a critical point when the tissue is stretched enough to stimulate this feedback mechanism and inspiration stops all happens during what?

A

Inspiration

126
Q

What must we be careful of when we breath for an animal during anesthesia?

A

not to over inflate the lungs and cause damage

127
Q

What pressure should we not exceed on the manometer for cats?

A

15

128
Q

What pressure should we not exceed on the manometer for dogs?

A

20

129
Q

Alterations in respiratory character are governed by what?

A

nerve input and humoro-chemical

130
Q

Humoro-chemical means what?

A

chemicals in blood

131
Q

From motor cortex of brain with information from feedback from muscle and joint proprioceptors in exercise happens in what?

A

nerve input

132
Q

What are some humoro-chemicals?

A

CO2, H+, O2

133
Q

What is the most important alteration in respiratory characters?

A

humoro-chemical input

134
Q

Which humoro-chemical input is the most important factor influencing activity to the respiratory center?

A

level of CO2 in blood

135
Q

What increased chemical results in increased activity of respiratory center and increased ventilation rate?

A

PCO2

136
Q

What is the next most important humoro-chemical input?

A

H+ ion concentration

137
Q

What chemical crosses blood-brain barrier and makes CSF more acid?

A

CO2

138
Q

What causes increased activity of respiratory center and increased ventilation?

A

Increased acidity

139
Q

What results in increased CO2?

A

Excess H ion

140
Q

What increases to remove the excess CO2?

A

Respiration

141
Q

PO2 of arterial blood becomes a factor only during what?

A

pulmonary stress

142
Q

pulmonary stress can also be called what?

A

hypoxia

143
Q

Receptors near aorta and carotid artery detect what?

A

O2 levels in blood

144
Q

Decreased O2 stimulates what and causes what?

A

respiratory center and causes increased ventilation

145
Q

What are the different types of breathing patterns?

A

Costal breathing, Abdominal breathing, and Agonal breathing

146
Q

What is costal breathing?

A

rib breathing

147
Q

When could you see costal breathing?

A

With painful abdomen or painful diaphragm

148
Q

What is abdominal breathing?

A

visible movement of the abdomen

149
Q

When could you see costal breathing?

A

with chest pain or with problems emptying lungs causing forced expiration

150
Q

What is agonal breathing?

A

Not really breathing, not moving air. A last ditch effort

151
Q

What happens in agonal breathing?

A

The brain moves the mouth in a gasping motion

152
Q

What is agonal breathing a sign of?

A

That the animal is already in respiratory arrest

153
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

at the level of alveoli

154
Q

In gas exchange air is separated from blood by what?

A

Capillary wall, capillary basement membrane, fluid layer, and wall of alveolus

155
Q

What happens in gas exchange?

A

Gas will move from area of high partial pressure to are of low partial pressure

156
Q

Partial pressure

A

the pressure exerted by each gas of a mixture of gases

157
Q

In exchange at the alveolar level, alveolar air has a higher ____ and lower ____ than blood entering pulmonary capillaries

A

higher PO2 and lower PCO2

158
Q

What happens to O2 in exchange at alveolar level?

A

O2 moves out of alveolar air and into blood rapidly

159
Q

What happens to CO2 in exchange at alveolar level?

A

moves out of pulmonary capillary blood, into alveolar air rapidly

160
Q

Where does CO2 enter that changes it into carbonic acid?

A

RBC

161
Q

Carbonic acid rapidly dissociates into what inside the RBC?

A

hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion

162
Q

What is picked up and buffered by Hb inside the RBC?

A

H+

163
Q

What leaves the RBC and enters the plasma?

A

Bicarbonate ion

164
Q

What chemical is transported in the way that bicarbonate ion is?

A

CO2

165
Q

What happens to O2 in the exchange at the tissue level?

A

moves out of the blood and into the tissues

166
Q

What is carried mostly on Hb?

A

O2

167
Q

Conditions in the tissues surrounding the capillaries make the Hb want to do what?

A

release O2

168
Q

Low pH is due to what?

A

high CO2

169
Q

High temperature is due to what?

A

rapidly metabolizing cells

170
Q

Low PO2 is due to what?

A

tissue O2 levels are low

171
Q

CO2 moves into the blood how?

A

carried in solution as bicarbonate

172
Q

Atelectasis

A

collapsed lung

173
Q

Epistaxis

A

nose bleed

174
Q

Atrophic rhinitis

A

infectious disease of pigs

175
Q

What happens in Atrophic rhinitis?

A

structures lining nasal cavity may be almost completely destroyed

176
Q

Calf diphtheria

A

infectious laryngitis of cattle

177
Q

Pharyngitis

A

inflammation of the pharynx, AKA sore throat

178
Q

Bronchitis

A

inflammation of the bronchi

179
Q

Pleuritis

A

inflammation of the pleura

180
Q

What causes pleuritis?

A

usually a complication of some other condition

181
Q

What may form in pleuritis?

A

Adhesions

182
Q

Hydrothorax

A

fluid in the chest

183
Q

Pyothorax

A

pus in the chest

184
Q

Chylothorax

A

lymph in the chest

185
Q

Pneumothorax

A

air in the chest

186
Q

Pneumonia

A

inflammation of the lung itself

187
Q

Shipping fever

A

a pneumonia in cattle

188
Q

Pulmonary emphysema

A

Enlargement of the alveoli

189
Q

What happens in Pulmonary emphysema?

A

final rupture so air escapes into the connective tissue. Expiration becomes difficult

190
Q

Cough

A

sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs

Anatomy (13 decks)

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