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Anatomy > Special Senses > Flashcards

Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what are special senses?

A

specialized nerve endings throughout body translate info into sensations

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2
Q

sensations felt depends on what?

A

where signals ends up in the CNS

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3
Q

excess of any sensation is perceived as what?

A

pain

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4
Q

in some cases, constant stimulus causes nerves to do what?

A

decrease or stop firing causing decreased sensation

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5
Q

what is pain?

A

a natural protective mechanism causing the body to remove itself for pain source

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6
Q

pain threshold varies between what?

A

species and individuals

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7
Q

how pain is what will vary as well?

A

manifested

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8
Q

how can we raise the pain threshold?

A

drugs and diverting attention:twitch lip, tap or blow on head

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9
Q

twitch application to a horse nose stimulates what that cause release of endorphins

A

acupuncture points

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10
Q

what are the 3 categories of stimuli that are painful?

A

chemical, thermal, mechanical

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11
Q

what is a chemical stimuli?

A

bile, ingesta, urine in abdomen

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12
Q

what is thermal stimuli?

A

heat

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13
Q

what is mechanical stimuli?

A

cutting, twisting, tearing, pushing, contraction, pulling

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14
Q

what are the 4 types of pain?

A

superficial, deep, referred, visceral

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15
Q

what is the difference between superficial and deep pain?

A

degree of severity is different

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16
Q

what is a sign of deep pain?

A

animal turns to you, indicates brain involved vs. a spinal reflex

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17
Q

what is referred pain due to?

A

convergence

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18
Q

during visceral pain, as long as the body wall is not involved and no traction is applied to the peritoneum, visceral organs may be what?

A

manipulated, burned, cut, crushed without apparent pain

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19
Q

what are signs of visceral pain when animal is awake?

A

anxious, look at side, kick side, increased HR

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20
Q

what are signs of visceral pain when animal is under anesthesia?

A

increased HR=pain

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21
Q

traction to ovarian ligament increases what?

A

HR

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22
Q

crushing ovarian pedicle does what to HR

A

no change, no pain

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23
Q

traction on abdominal wall, lack of blood supply, sudden distention, sudden contraction, chemical irritation are all painful to what?

A

viscera

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24
Q

what is proprioception?

A

relative positions of various parts of the body without having to use the eyes

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25
Q

in proprioception, information goes to what?

A

cerebrum and cerebellum at the same time

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26
Q

what are the 2 subdivisions of proprioception?

A

conscious and unconscious

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27
Q

what does conscious proprioception involve?

A

cerebral cortex although we may not perceive this is happening

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28
Q

what does unconscious proprioception involve?

A

cerebellum- integrates muscles causing coordination

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29
Q

where are proprioception nerves located?

A

within muscle fibers and tendons

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30
Q

what do proprioception nerves do?

A

monitor the tension of muscles and make them contract or relax to allow for coordination of movement

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31
Q

proprioception receptors in joints do what?

A

give info about tension and pressure

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32
Q

proprioception skin mechanoreceptors do what?

A

report contact with the environment

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33
Q

for smooth body movement in proprioception information must be delivered how?

A

rapidly

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34
Q

proprioceptive tracts have what kind of fibers?

A

alpha

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35
Q

proprioception senses are what?

A

intertwined

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36
Q

in proprioception, the ear can affect what?

A

balance

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37
Q

in proprioception, an animal with inner ear disease can have what?

A

balance problems

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38
Q

taste is a what?

A

chemoreceptor

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39
Q

cells are located in taste buds on some of the what on the tongue?

A

papillae

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40
Q

what papillae contains taste buds?

A

vallate, foliate, fungiform

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41
Q

what must be in solution to stimulate taste cells?

A

chemicals

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42
Q

many different papillae shapes account for different what?

A

appearance of the tongue

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43
Q

what are the 5 shapes of papillae?

A

vallate, foliate, fungiform, conical, filiform

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44
Q

taste+smell= what?

A

taste

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45
Q

smell distinguish complex tastes as the difference between an apple and a carrot, how?

A

they are both sweet

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46
Q

what nerves are involved in taste?

A

facial, glossopharyngeal, bigeminal, vagus

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47
Q

what part of the tongue does CN VII (facial nerve) affect?

A

to rostral 2/3 of tongue

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48
Q

what part of the tongue does CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) affect?

A

nerve to caudal 1/3 of tongue

49
Q

what does does CN V (trigeminal nerve) do?

A

conveys somatic sensations

50
Q

what kind of somatic sensations does CN V convey?

A

heat, cold, touch

51
Q

what part of the tongue does CN X (vagus nerve) affect?

A

taste buds in the pharynx and epiglottis

52
Q

taste is an important factor in an animals ability to do what?

A

select foods the body needs

53
Q

animal that is deficient in a particular vitamin, salt, what will pick appropriate food to fulfill that need?

A

Ca+

54
Q

what is PICA?

A

abnormal appetite for something

55
Q

where are smell receptors located?

A

in caudal dorsal portion of nasal passages

56
Q

CN I, olfactory nerve, cells extend to olfactory bulb and from there to where?

A

olfactory centers in the brain

57
Q

columnar supporting cells support the nerve cell and do what?

A

secrete mucus which bathes surface

58
Q

why is mucus important?

A

materical to be smelled usually must be dissolved in mucus

59
Q

cool air inspired moves to the receptor area by what as it warms?

A

convection

60
Q

what increases air reaching olfactory area?

A

sniffing

61
Q

what response is used when new smell picked up?

A

semi-reflex response

62
Q

which nerve is involved in smell and taste?

A

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

63
Q

if the same odor stimulates receptors over a long period of time, what happens?

A

don’t smell odor anymore

64
Q

if same odor stimulates receptors over a long period of time sensitivity to other odors does what?

A

remains the same

65
Q

sensory neurons in the hard palate detect what?

A

pheromones

66
Q

what are pheromones?

A

chemical substances that can influence behavior

67
Q

what behavior are pheromones important in?

A

reproductive behaviors

68
Q

what are the parts of the ear?

A

external, middle, inner ear, and nerve

69
Q

what CN is responsible for hearing?

A

CN VIII, acoustic or vestibulocochlear

70
Q

what is the pinna?

A

ear flap

71
Q

what are external acoustic canal?

A

external ear canal

72
Q

what are the parts of the external ear canal?

A

vertical canal, horizontal canal, tympanic membrane, triages, lining of canal

73
Q

what is the tympanic membrane?

A

deepest border (ear drum)

74
Q

what is the tragus?

A

the portion of auricular cartilage at the base of the ear canal opening

75
Q

what is the lining of the canal?

A

modified skin w/ few hair, abundant sebaceous and ceruminous glands

76
Q

where do cells begin in the lining of the canal?

A

at tympanic membrane

77
Q

where do cells move from the tympanic membrane in the lining of the canal?

A

external along the canal

78
Q

what is the lining of the canals response to irritation?

A

produce excess wax

79
Q

what can irritate the lining of the canal?

A

excessive cleaning

80
Q

sound waves pass through canal to the tympanic membrane causing the membrane to do what?

A

vibrate

81
Q

what is the vestibular division?

A

sense of acceleration

82
Q

what is the cochlear division?

A

hearing

83
Q

what is the tympanic cavity?

A

air filled space

84
Q

what are the borders of the middle ear?

A

tympanic membrane, temporal bone, mucous membrane lined

85
Q

what does the middle ear contain?

A

eustachian tube, tympanic bulla, auditory ossicles

86
Q

what does the eustachian tube communicate with?

A

the nasopharynx

87
Q

the eustachian tube is usually what?

A

closed

88
Q

when does the eustachian tube open?

A

upon swallowing and yawning

89
Q

what is the eustachian tube lines with?

A

ciliated epithelium

90
Q

what does the movement of the ciliated epithelium in the eustachian tube do?

A

keep foreign material out of the middle ear

91
Q

what is the tympanic bulla?

A

ventral expansion

92
Q

what can be drained in the tympanic bulla?

A

infection

93
Q

where are the auditory ossicles located?

A

span the middle ear from tympanic membrane to oval window

94
Q

superficial auditory ossicle?

A

malleus

95
Q

middle auditory ossicle?

A

incus

96
Q

deep auditory ossicle?

A

stapes

97
Q

what do the auditory ossicles do?

A

transfer sound waves to the inner ear for hearing

98
Q

what nerves are in the middle ear?

A

CN VII

99
Q

where does CN VII pass through?

A

tympanic cavity

100
Q

what can CN VII be injured with?

A

infection or surgery

101
Q

what nerves do horses have in their middle ear?

A

CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII

102
Q

where is the inner ear located?

A

carved into the temporal bone

103
Q

nervous tissues within the membranous labyrinth sense what?

A

hearing and balance

104
Q

what is cochlear responsible for?

A

hearing

105
Q

what structures within the vestibular apparatus are associated with balance?

A

utriculus, sacculus, semicircular ducts

106
Q

structures for both hearing and balance are where?

A

carved into the bone of the skull

107
Q

what are the meninges?

A

the 3 coverings of the brain and spinal cord

108
Q

pressure waves enter the cochlea from the oval window is the physiology of what?

A

hearing

109
Q

vibration moves what?

A

basilar memvrane

110
Q

cilia on hair cells embedded in tectorial membrane move in response to what?

A

wave vibrations

111
Q

what are the 2 receptor cells on the organ of corti?

A

amplitude and frequency

112
Q

what does amplitude detect?

A

loudness

113
Q

what does frequency detect?

A

pitch

114
Q

what is a cause of deafness?

A

anything that interferes with the passage of soundwaves

115
Q

what is a cause of deafness in the external ear

A

mechanical obstruction w/ hair, wax, exudate

116
Q

what is a cause of deafness in the tympanic membrane?

A

reduced flexibility due to age, pressure behind in middle ear

117
Q

what is a cause of deafness in the auditory ossicles in the middle ear?

A

anything that reduces their ability to move

118
Q

broken basilar fibers from loud noise, organ of court damage, damage to vestibulocochlear nerve, problems with the brain areas dedicated to hearing are all causes of deafness in what?

A

inner ear

Anatomy (13 decks)

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