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Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 main parts of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

what is in the central nervous system?

A

brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what is in the peripheral nervous system?

A

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, spinal nerves, autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

all nervous structures outside of the brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A

cell

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6
Q

what does the neuron consist of?

A

cell body, dendrite, axon

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7
Q

what is a dendrite?

A

carrying messages to the cell body

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8
Q

what is an axon?

A

carrying messages away from the cell body

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9
Q

what is a synapse?

A

a gap between two neurons

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10
Q

messages travel across the gap by way of what chemicals?

A

neurotransmitters

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11
Q

synapses may occur between what?

A

an axon and a cell body

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12
Q

axon and dendrite fibers are always what?

A

protected

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13
Q

axon and dendrite fibers are always protected with what exceptions?

A

some naked sensory nerve endings in the cornea of the eye

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14
Q

Protection consists of what?

A

schwann cell

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15
Q

where is the schwann cell located?

A

jelly roll configuration around axon or dendrite of indentation of nerve fiber into schwann cell

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16
Q

schwann cell is high in what?

A

fat

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17
Q

when the nerve fiber indents into the schwann cell the fiber is what?

A

non-myelinated

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18
Q

when the schwann cell wraps around the nerve fiber like a jelly roll the fiber is what?

A

myelinated

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19
Q

what is an advantage of myelination?

A

increased speed of nerve impulse transmission

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20
Q

what is myelination caused by?

A

the insulating effect of many layers of schwann cell wrappings

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21
Q

diseases that are demyelinating as MS cause problems with what?

A

nerve cell transmission

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22
Q

when nerve cell fibers are damaged, the myelination may not heal and transmissions will do what?

A

be slower along the healed nerve fiber

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23
Q

what are groups of nerve cell bodies within the brain or spinal cord called?

A

nuclei

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24
Q

what color are nuclei

A

gray in color

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25
Q

what are groups of nerve cell bodies outside the brain or spinal cord called?

A

ganglia

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26
Q

what are bundles of nerve processes within the CNS called?

A

tracts

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27
Q

what color are tracts?

A

white

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28
Q

what are bundles of nerve processes in the PNS called?

A

nerves

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29
Q

what color are nerves?

A

white

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30
Q

what occupies the outer areas of a brain that is transected?

A

gray matter (nerve cell bodies)

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31
Q

what occupies the inner areas of a brain that is transected?

A

white matter (nerve cell processes traveling to other locations)

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32
Q

gray matter is located where?

A

centrally located

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33
Q

where is white matter located?

A

on the outer areas of the cord

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34
Q

where are nerve cell bodies located in the brain?

A

right under skull in outer areas of the brain

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35
Q

where are nerve cell bodies located in the spinal cord?

A

in the middle

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36
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A

cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata

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37
Q

what are the different parts of the cerebrum?

A

right hemisphere, left hemisphere, longitudinal fissure

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38
Q

what are some important parts of the cerebrum?

A

cerebral cortex, olfactory bulb, thalamus, hypothalamus, corpus callosum

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39
Q

where is the cerebral cortex located?

A

outer layers of brain, surface area increased by foldings

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40
Q

what is the function of the cerebral cortex?

A

voluntary muscle control, reasoning, deep pain

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41
Q

where is the olfactory bulb located?

A

projects from anterior part of brain

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42
Q

what is the function of the olfactory bulb?

A

smell

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43
Q

where is the thalamus located?

A

round, circular area seen when cut brain in half

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44
Q

what is the function of the thalamus?

A

connects cerebral hemispheres wth brain stem and spinal cord

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45
Q

where is the hypothalamus located?

A

below thalamus on bottom surface of brain in front of brain stem

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46
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

pituitary gland= hormonal control of the body, optic chiasm=optic nerve=sight, temperature regulation and water balance

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47
Q

where is the corpus callosum located?

A

white “c” shaped above thalamus

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48
Q

what is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

connects right and left hemispheres of the brain

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49
Q

what are the important parts of the cerebellum?

A

“tree of life”

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50
Q

where is the tree of life located?

A

interior resembles a tree or bush when cut longitudinally or transversely

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51
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

coordination

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52
Q

cranial continuation of the spinal cord, exits the skull at foramen magnum, cisterna magna is located in the angle between the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata, 4th ventricle are all parts of what?

A

medulla oblongata

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53
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

control of respiration, circulation, vomiting, swallowing

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54
Q

how many ventricles are located in the brain?

A

4

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55
Q

how many meninges are located in the brain?

A

3 layers

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56
Q

what are ventricles?

A

spaces in the brain which connect with each other

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57
Q

what do ventricles contain?

A

CSF

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58
Q

what are 1st and 2nd ventricles?

A

lateral ventricles

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59
Q

where is the right ventricle located?

A

in the right hemisphere

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60
Q

where is the left ventricle located?

A

in the left hemisphere

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61
Q

where is the 3rd ventricle located?

A

on midline distal to the R and L lateral ventricles

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62
Q

where is the 4th ventricle located?

A

between cerebellum and brain stem

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63
Q

what is the function of the ventricles?

A

to produce CSF

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64
Q

ventricles are lined with capillary network called what?

A

choroid plexus

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65
Q

CSF circulates from lateral to 3rd to 4th ventricles and out over the brain and spinal cord in what space?

A

subarachnoid

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66
Q

What are the functions of the CSF?

A

bathes brain and spinal cord and cushions brain and spinal cord

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67
Q

what does CSF provide to the brain and spinal cord?

A

nutrition

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68
Q

what can cells that fall off into CSF be used for?

A

sampled for diagnostic tests

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69
Q

CSF absorbs into veins of head and rejoins what?

A

circulation

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70
Q

If there is an obstruction to flow of lateral 3rd ventricle what can result?

A

tumor, blood clot, scar after injury, develops wrong

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71
Q

fluids build up why?

A

because it can’t circulate

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72
Q

ventricle gets larger as what happens?

A

it fills with CSF

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73
Q

pressure on brain tissue does what?

A

compresses the brain

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74
Q

what is it called when the brain is compressed?

A

hydrocephalus

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75
Q

young skulls are not ossified so the cranium can expand reducing what?

A

pressure on the brain and less brain damage

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76
Q

in an older animal the skull cannot do what?

A

expand

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77
Q

in older animals cerebrum becomes thin due to what?

A

pressure

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78
Q

what is dura mater?

A

outside covering of brain

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79
Q

what is arachnoidea?

A

middle of brain

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80
Q

what is pia mater?

A

on the brain, spinal cord

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81
Q

what kind of layer is dura mater?

A

outer, tough, fibrous layer

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82
Q

dura mater blends with what?

A

periosteum on the inside of the skull

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83
Q

in the spinal cord the dura mater is separated from the periosteum but what?

A

fat-filled space

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84
Q

what is the fat filled space in the spinal cord?

A

epidural space

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85
Q

what is subarachnoid space?

A

location of spinal tap and spinal anesthesia

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86
Q

what is the function of pia mater?

A

inhibits movement of certain chemicals between CSF and brain tissue

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87
Q

what is pia mater also called?

A

blood brain barrier

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88
Q

what are the 2 nerves that enter and leave the spinal cord?

A

dorsal root and ventral root

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89
Q

dorsal root is what from the internal or external environment?

A

sensory from

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90
Q

ventral root is what to body?

A

motor to

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91
Q

after leaving spinal canal what branches to area of the body it serves?

A

spinal nerve

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92
Q

spinal nerves carry what fibers?

A

afferent and efferent

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93
Q

what is an afferent fiber?

A

dorsal root

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94
Q

what is an efferent fiber?

A

ventral root

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95
Q

What part of the body does each spinal nerve supply?

A

the area near where they exit from the spinal cord

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96
Q

where does the dorsal root brach to?

A

structures above transverse processes of vertebrae

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97
Q

where does the ventral root branch to?

A

structures below transverse process of vertebrae

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98
Q

what are nerves to limbs?

A

braid like arrangement of nerves from several spinal cord segments supplies the limb

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99
Q

forelimb

A

brachial plexus

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100
Q

hindlimb

A

lumbosacral plexus

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101
Q

how many cranial nerves leave the brain and emerge through carious foramina of the skull?

A

12

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102
Q

what do cranial nerves look like?

A

like spinal nerves but there is no ventral root

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103
Q

cranial nerves may be what?

A

strictly sensory, strictly motor, or mix of the 2

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104
Q

where do cranial nerves emerge from?

A

skull foramina

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105
Q

where do spinal nerves emerge from?

A

IV foramina

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106
Q

how are cranial nerves and spinal nerves the same?

A

like spinal nerves, cranial nerves carry ANS fibers

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107
Q

how else are cranial nerves and spinal nerves the same?

A

like spinal nerves, cranial nerves tend to supply a region near where they emerge from the skull

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108
Q

What is cranial nerve I for?

A

olfactory, smell

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109
Q

what is cranial nerve II for?

A

optic, sight

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110
Q

what is cranial nerve III for?

A

oculomotor, motor to the eye

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111
Q

what is cranial nerve IV for?

A

trochlear, moves eye

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112
Q

what is cranial nerve V for?

A

trigeminal, sensory to eye, face and motor to muscles that chew

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113
Q

what is cranial nerve VI for?

A

abducens, motor to eye

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114
Q

what is cranial nerve VII for?

A

facial, sensory/motor to head

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115
Q

spinal nerves are sensory to what?

A

the skin

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116
Q

spinal nerves are motor to what?

A

skeletal muscle

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117
Q

where is the phrenic nerve from?

A

branches of C5,6,7 to diaphragm

118
Q

what does the phrenic nerve cause?

A

contraction

119
Q

what is the supra scapular nerve?

A

muscles of the shoulder

120
Q

what is the radial nerve?

A

muscles extend arm, forearm, place the front foot, sensory to dorsal surface of front foot

121
Q

what is the obturator nerve?

A

adductor muscles hind leg

122
Q

what is the sciatic nerve?

A

extensors of hip, adductors and rotator of thigh

123
Q

what is the net effect for sympathetic?

A

fight or flight

124
Q

what is the net effect for parasympathetic?

A

quiet, relaxed activity or rest and repose, vegetative

125
Q

net effects are due to what?

A

sum of stimulatory and inhibitory nerve transmissions at end organ

126
Q

ANS nerves travel with what?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

127
Q

ANS nerves innervate what?

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

128
Q

What do ANS nerves do?

A

derive messages from these viscera and send information back to the CNS

129
Q

where is the sympathetic nervous system derived from?

A

thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord

130
Q

cell processes travels to ganglia near what with another neuron which travels to the organ or structure they supply

A

spinal column and synapse

131
Q

where is the parasympathetic nervous symptom derived from?

A

cranial and sacral parts

132
Q

nerve processes travel a long way to ganglion near what before they synapse?

A

the organ they supply

133
Q

nerve impulses travel along nerve fibers in only one what?

A

direction

134
Q

impulses don’t lose what as they go along the nerve fiber?

A

strength

135
Q

when do impulse transmits across synapse via chemicals called neurotransmitters?

A

at the end of the nerve fiber

136
Q

neurotransmitter chemicals may either stimulate or do what?

A

inhibit the receptors sites on the next nerve or organ

137
Q

with sufficient stimulation to reach what?

A

threshold

138
Q

any one neuron will produce how many transmitter substance at all of its terminals?

A

only one

139
Q

the one substance that a neuron will produce will be what?

A

either stimulant or inhibitor

140
Q

what are some stimulants?

A

acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

141
Q

all stimulants are what?

A

catecholamines

142
Q

what are some inhibitors?

A

morphine and sedatives

143
Q

stimulated to a fire impulse and do what further on?

A

impulse and transmit information

144
Q

inhibited and no impulse is what?

A

fired

145
Q

what is a threshold?

A

certain level of electrical charge that must be achieved before an action potential will be produced

146
Q

the sum of stimulation+inhibition determines what?

A

the electrical charge of the membrane and whether threshold is reached

147
Q

once threshold is reached what happens?

A

firing of the nerve impulse is always the same no matter how high the charge goes over the threshold level

148
Q

if threshold is not reached what happens?

A

no firing occurs, no impulse is created

149
Q

how do nerve fibers send their information to other cells and receive information from other cells?

A

divergence and convergence

150
Q

what happens with divergence?

A

every nerve connects with many other nerve cells

151
Q

when the nerve fires an impulse, the information does what?

A

spreads out to the other nerves with which it connects

152
Q

what happens during convergence?

A

any on post-synaptic cell receives many axons from many different nerve cells

153
Q

each axon brings what?

A

either stimulant or inhibitor information

154
Q

the sum of the information coming in determines what?

A

what this post-synaptic cell will do

155
Q

what is referred pain?

A

where pain from one area is “felt” in another area

156
Q

nerves from visceral structures converge on and travels with what?

A

nerves from other places

157
Q

the brain confuses the source of what?

A

pain

158
Q

membrane changes at what membrane trigger release of neurotransmitter?

A

presynaptic cell

159
Q

what is released at the synapse and crosses the gap between cells?

A

neurotransmitter

160
Q

what changes at the post-synaptic cell membrane are triggered?

A

membrane

161
Q

cells contain what?

A

electrolytes

162
Q

extracellular fluid surround the cells contains what?

A

electrolytes

163
Q

electrolytes have what?

A

a + or - charge

164
Q

what electrolytes are we most interested in?

A

Na+, Ca+, K+, Cl-

165
Q

What is the primary intracellular electrolyte?

A

K+

166
Q

what is the primary extracellular?

A

Na+

167
Q

depolarization occurs when there is increases permeability to what?

A

Na+

168
Q

Na+ rushes into the cell and the charge in the cell becomes more what?

A

positive

169
Q

when does repolarization occur?

A

after depolarization

170
Q

increased cell permeability to what?

A

K+

171
Q

K+ moves out of the cell and the cell charge returns to what?

A

the original level

172
Q

Cell uses ATP to switch what to original positions?

A

Na+ and K+

173
Q

Na+ moves outside to where?

A

extracellular area

174
Q

K+ moves inside to where?

A

intracellular area

175
Q

transmitter chemicals are produces where?

A

axon terminals and packaged vesicles

176
Q

vesicles are released into synaptic gap in response to what?

A

an action potential traveling down the axon

177
Q

electrolytes are involved in release of transmitter substances across what?

A

presynaptic cell membrane

178
Q

If the neurotransmitter is a stimulant the postsynaptic receptor site membrane permeability to Na+ increases and allows Na+ to do what?

A

move into the cell

179
Q

if enough Na+ moves in, electricity of the entire cell changes and the cell does what?

A

depolarizes

180
Q

If the neurotransmitter is a stimulant, an action potential fires as Na+ rushes in all along the cell membrane this is a what?

A

a nerve impulse

181
Q

the neurotransmitter is a what?

A

inhibitor

182
Q

postsynaptic receptor site membrane permeability to K+ and Cl- does what?

A

increases

183
Q

K+ inside the cell flows out and Cl- outside the cell does what?

A

flows in

184
Q

the sum of stimulation and inhibition determines if cell will do what?

A

depolarize causing an action potential

185
Q

what is the refractory period?

A

the resting time after the action potential is initiated

186
Q

while the action potential propagates, nothing can cause another what?

A

action potential

187
Q

while K+ is moving out a very strong stimulus can cause what?

A

action potential

188
Q

the Na+ moving in must more than compensate for the K+ moving out to make the net sum more than what?

A

threshold

189
Q

what is hypocalcemia?

A

low calcium

190
Q

when does hypocalcemia happen?

A

post part when large demand for Ca+ in milk

191
Q

animal is weak during hypocalcemia due to what?

A

lack of Ca+ to initiate nerve transmissions

192
Q

during hypocalcemia, muscle contractions are what?

A

weakened or absent

193
Q

what is hypokalemia?

A

occurs with use of certain diuretics

194
Q

during hypokalemia, lack of K+ overall means less K+ inside the cell this makes the cell more what and less likely to reach threshold and depolarize?

A

negative

195
Q

what is the result of hypokalemia?

A

weak animal

196
Q

drugs, alkalosis,acidosis, anesthetics, hypoxia, immune disease affect what?

A

nerve transmission

197
Q

what drugs act at the synapse?

A

morphine, strychnine, tranquilizers

198
Q

what does morphine do at the synapse?

A

relaxed

199
Q

what does strychnine do at the synapse?

A

tense, muscle stiffness, seizures

200
Q

what do tranquilizers do at the synapse?

A

relaxed

201
Q

in alkalosis, increased body pH causes what

A

increased neuron excitability

202
Q

what is possible in alkalosis?

A

post-vomiting where lots of HCl is lost in the vomitus

203
Q

in alkalosis, decreased Cl- means there is less Cl- outside the cell to move into the cell with the action of what

A

inhibitor neurotransmitters

204
Q

in acidosis, decreased body pH causes what?

A

decreased neuron excitability

205
Q

what is possible in acidosis?

A

post-diarrhea where K+ and Na+ are lost in the diarrhea

206
Q

less K+ is located in the cell so the interior charge of the cell is more what?

A

negative

207
Q

what do anesthetics do for the passage of nerve impulses?

A

inhibit or completely block

208
Q

general anesthetics affect what?

A

CNS

209
Q

sedatives and hypnotics decrease what?

A

nerve irritability and tend to induce sleep

210
Q

during hypoxia, low oxygen supplies result in what?

A

decreased excitability of neurons

211
Q

in immune disease, antibodies are against what?

A

neurotransmitters and receptor sites

212
Q

what do reflex arcs consist of?

A

afferent neuron, efferent neuron, upper motor neurons

213
Q

upper motor neurons may alter what?

A

a simple reflex

214
Q

what is a simple reflex arc?

A

spinal reflex

215
Q

in a spinal reflex, neurons at the level of the spinal cord are able to do what?

A

initiate the relfex

216
Q

in spinal reflex, information from the body stimulates what?

A

a nerve cell

217
Q

in spinal reflex, the information goes to what?

A

the spinal cord

218
Q

in spinal reflex, what is not involved?

A

the brain

219
Q

what is a lower motor neuron?

A

efferent nerves going to skeletal muscle structures

220
Q

what is an upper motor neuron?

A

all nerves descending cranial to the LMN

221
Q

what regulates and controls the activity of the LMN but does not initiate the LMN action?

A

the UMN

222
Q

LMN lesion will cause what?

A

loss of function of the structure supplied

223
Q

UMN lesion will cause what?

A

altered function of the structure supplied by the LMN

224
Q

patellar reflex-tap ligament at stifle, flexor reflex-gently pull foot, extensor thrust-push foot against body and foot pushes back, visceral reflexes are all examples of what?

A

spinal reflexes

225
Q

involve reflex centers in the brain, information will travel spinal cord to brain and then back to spinal cord, reflexes involving just the head do not use the spinal cord are examples of what?

A

complex reflexes

226
Q

the medulla oblongata handles what 3 main areas?

A

circulation, respiration, and vomiting and swallowing

227
Q

what does the medulla oblongata handle in circulation?

A

heart action and vessel size

228
Q

what does the medulla oblongata handle in respiration?

A

respiration, coughing, and sneezing

229
Q

tonic neck reflexes causes what?

A

increased tone of extensor muscles of the forelimb and decreased tone of extensor muscles of the hindlimb

230
Q

what is tonic eye reflexes?

A

move the head and the eyes keep looking in the original direction

231
Q

what is extensor postural thrust?

A

allows for support of the weight of the body without thought

232
Q

what is righting reflex?

A

bend foot over, returns to normal position

233
Q

radial nerve must do what?

A

work for this reflex to function properly

234
Q

what is placing reflex?

A

touch side of foot to table, lifts and places foot

235
Q

sensory input+muscle action is what?

A

needed

236
Q

what CN is auditory reflex?

A

CN VIII

237
Q

what CN are pharyngeal reflex?

A

CN IX, X, XI, XII

238
Q

what is pupillary light reflex?

A

direct and indirect CNII in and VII out

239
Q

What CN is palpebral reflex?

A

CN V in and VII out

240
Q

what CN is menace?

A

CN II in and CN III, VI, IV out

241
Q

what is menace?

A

object coming near to eye elicits a blink

242
Q

what is deep pain?

A

different from withdrawal reflex because brain is involved

243
Q

what CN are used in deep pain in the lip area?

A

CN V in and VII out

244
Q

what is corneal reflex?

A

used in anesthetic monitoring of the horse–touch the cornea

245
Q

what CN are used in corneal reflex?

A

CN V in and CN III out

246
Q

what is the major role of the autonomic nervous system?

A

maintain homeokinesis

247
Q

the pituitary gland receives stimuli and produces what?

A

hormones as a response

248
Q

stimuli may reach the pituitary gland by what?

A

nerve pathways or by circulating hormones

249
Q

how does the pituitary exert control over body functions and homeostasis?

A

by hormonal control

250
Q

the hypothalamus exerts its control over the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems by doing what?

A

influencing the signals that pass to the PS and sympathetic nerve fiber portions of the spinal cord and brain stem

251
Q

where do parasympathetic fibers come from?

A

the brain stem

252
Q

where do sympathetic fibers come from?

A

thoracolumbar spinal cord areas

253
Q

the effect of the sympathetic nervous system is opposite to the effect of what?

A

parasympathetic nervous system

254
Q

what will the overall effects be of stimulation in the sympathetic system of HR?

A

increased

255
Q

what will be the overall effects be of stimulation in the sympathetic system of BP?

A

increased due to vasoconstriction

256
Q

what will be the overall effects be of stimulation in the sympathetic system of bronchi and pupils?

A

dilate

257
Q

what will be the overall effects of stimulation in the sympathetic system of GI?

A

decreased activity

258
Q

neurotransmitter released is norepinephrine similar to epinephrine produced by what?

A

adrenal glands

259
Q

what are the 4 adrenergic receptors?

A

alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2

260
Q

what does alpha 1 do in smooth muscle contraction?

A

arterioles constrict, increased tone of urethra, pupil dilates

261
Q

what does alpha 2 do?

A

skeletal muscle constriction

262
Q

increases HR, increased AV node conduction velocity, increased force of contraction of heart muscle, kidneys release renin are all jobs of what?

A

beta 1

263
Q

smooth muscle relaxation, opens airways and blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles are all jobs of what?

A

beta 2

264
Q

dilation of coronary blood vessels and blood vessels in kidneys, mesentery are all jobs of what?

A

dopaminergic

265
Q

what happens to HR in parasympathetic system?

A

decreases

266
Q

what happens to BP in parasympathetic system?

A

decreases

267
Q

what happens to bronchi in parasympathetic system?

A

constricts

268
Q

what happens to pupil in parasympathetic system?

A

constrict

269
Q

what happens to GI in parasympathetic system?

A

increases

270
Q

cholinergic receptors are termed what?

A

muscarinic and nicotinic

271
Q

muscarinic does what?

A

slows HR, contracts urinary bladder, increases salivation, constricts pupil

272
Q

nicotinic does what?

A

receptors on all skeletal muscle cells, adrenal medulla and in all autonomic ganglia

273
Q

divergence of axons means multiple areas of the body are affected at any one time, some of the organs innervated secrete hormones directly into the blood stream and therefore have a rapid total body effect are all reasons we are able to see what?

A

ANS wide-spread effect

274
Q

death of any nerve cell may be serious because nerve cells cannot do what?

A

be replaced

275
Q

injury to nerve processes may or may not be what?

A

permanent

276
Q

injury to nerve processes happens most with what?

A

peripheral nerves

277
Q

peripheral nerve injuries tend to cause loss of what to a localized area?

A

sensation or muscle activity

278
Q

central nervous system damage tends to have more what?

A

general effects

279
Q

what does CNS cause?

A

partial or complete paralysis, spasms, convulsions

280
Q

most fiber tracts from one side of the brain cross to opposite side of what?

A

the spinal cord

281
Q

a lesion on one side of the brain will be manifested as impaired functioning of the opposite of what?

A

the body

282
Q

crushing injuries cause what?

A

temporary paralysis of adductor muscles

283
Q

crushing injuries recover how?

A

spontaneously

284
Q

cutting a nerve by wire, a fractured bone, if the cell body and dendrite remain healthy what may occur?

A

regrowth of the axon

285
Q

each fiber grows how long per day?

A

1-3 mm

286
Q

once axons are rejoined, transmission of impulses will be slower because diameter of healed nerve fiber is less than diameter of original nerve fiber and myelination may be affected but what may be restored?

A

function

287
Q

what are neuromas?

A

tangled masses of nerve fibers

288
Q

when do neuromas result?

A

when new fibers growing out become entangled instead of growing to the effector organ

289
Q

what do neuromas produce?

A

phantom sensations

290
Q

what are phantom sensations?

A

sensations produced from nerve fiber endings that normally would be farther away

291
Q

what do phantom sensations feel like?

A

as if the whole nerve exists

292
Q

what is an example of phantom sensation?

A

“nerve” a horse, a neuroma develops and the pain returns

Anatomy (13 decks)

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