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Anatomy > Skeletal > Flashcards

Skeletal Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vertebral formula for horse?

A

C7T18L6S5Cd15-20

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2
Q

What is an Osteoblast?

A

bone matrix producing cell

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3
Q

What is an Osteoid?

A

unmineralized bone that the osteoblast makes

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4
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

name of osteoblasts once they are trapped within mineralized bone

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5
Q

What are osteocytes able to do?

A

digest bone and release Ca+ to blood. This increases blood Ca+ levels

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6
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

bone destroying cells

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7
Q

What is the center of ossification?

A

area where bone is forming

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8
Q

Where are calcium salts deposited?

A

in osteoid

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9
Q

what is a chondroblast?

A

cell which produces cartilage matrix

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10
Q

what is a chondrocyte?

A

cell which produces cartilage mix

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11
Q

what is a chondroclast?

A

cartilage absorbing cells

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12
Q

what is a matrix?

A

material between cells

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13
Q

What is cartilage?

A

a type of connective tissue

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14
Q

what is cartilage necessary for?

A

bone formation

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15
Q

what is growth plate?

A

an area of growing bone near the end of each long bone

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16
Q

What is the growth plate made of?

A

hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

what happens when the growth plate is injured?

A

it may fuse and the bone may stop growing

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18
Q

what is periosteum?

A

membrane on outer surface of bone

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19
Q

what does the periosteum contain?

A

reservoir or osteoblasts

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20
Q

What is endosteum?

A

membrane on inner surface of bone including canals

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21
Q

what does the endosteum contain?

A

reservoir of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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22
Q

what is a callus?

A

osteoid tissue which forms and mineralizes around a fracture site to splint the fracture and stop movement

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23
Q

how does bone form?

A

when osteoblasts invade an area and produce osteoid, the osteoid calcifies and forms bone

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24
Q

what is heteroplastic ossification?

A

bone forming tissue other than skeleton, usually abnormal

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25
Q

what are normal examples of heteroplastic ossification?

A

os penis (dog) and os cordis (cattle)

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26
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

forms in fibrous membane

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27
Q

what are some examples of bones formed by intamembranous ossification?

A

flat bones as skull and scapula

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28
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

forms in cartilage, occurs most in long bone

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29
Q

What is an example of endochondral ossification?

A

bone forming on the cartilage framework of the fetus

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30
Q

what is the 1st step in endochondral ossification?

A

chondroblasts produce matrix cells+matrix=cartilage

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31
Q

What is the 2nd step in endochondral ossification?

A

cartilage mineralizes and degenerates

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32
Q

What is the 3rd step in endochondral ossification?

A

degenerating cartilage is invaded by blood vessels and osteoblasts

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33
Q

What is the 4th step in endochondral ossification?

A

osteoblasts produce osteoid

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34
Q

What is the 5th step in endochondral ossification?

A

osteoid mineralizes and the osteoblasts are trapped, now they are called osetocytes

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35
Q

What is the final step in endochondral ossification?

A

an area of growing cartilage remains near the end of each long bone at the metaphysis, or growth plate

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36
Q

What are other terms for growth plate?

A

epiphyseal plate, physeal line, epiphyseal line

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37
Q

As the growth plate grows the long bone can do what?

A

get longer

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38
Q

When do growth plates fuse?

A

at maturity

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39
Q

Osteoblasts in the periosteum produce what?

A

new bone

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40
Q

Osteocytes and osteoclasts within bone at the marrow cavity increase what?

A

the inner diameter of the marrow cavity

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41
Q

what is the final result when osteocytes and osteoclasts in the bone marrow cavity increase the inner diameter of the marrow cavity?

A

tubes of bone packed together, canals line with endosteum connect all areas, blood vessels and nerves in the canals, periosteum covers the outer surface, and endosteum and periosteum provide reserve bone cells

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42
Q

bones repair using what?

A

reserve osteoblasts in the periosteum and endosteum to produce new bone

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43
Q

In what sequence is bone repaired?

A

the same basic sequence used to create bone in fetus

44
Q

How does bone resorption occur?

A

as a natural process to provide calcium and phosphorus to the body as needed

45
Q

Where does bone resorption occur?

A

in bone repair and disease

46
Q

resorption process is governed by what?

A

hormones, pressure, blood supply, and nutrition

47
Q

What two cells types does the work in resorption?

A

osteocytes and osteoclasts

48
Q

thyroid gland and parathyroid glands that affect blood calcium levels are located where?

A

in the upper neck

49
Q

thyroid gland produces what hormone?

A

thyrocalcitonin

50
Q

what does thyrocalcitonin so?

A

decreases blood calcium levels

51
Q

parathyroid gland produces what hormone?

A

PTH or parathormone

52
Q

what does parathormone do?

A

increases blood calcium levels

53
Q

What does PTH cause in the kidney?

A

excretion of phosphorus and resorption of calcium

54
Q

what does PTH cause in the GI tract?

A

increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus across the intestinal villi

55
Q

What does PTH cause in the bone?

A

promotes calcium release from the bones to the blood

56
Q

What does thyrocalcitonin do in the bone?

A

decreased resorption of bone and decreases release of calcium from bone to blood

57
Q

bone is what?

A

dynamic

58
Q

what does it mean for a bone to be dynamic?

A

it responds to environmental extremes of pressure or stress

59
Q

excess pressure can cause bone to do what?

A

atrophy, decrease in size

60
Q

little or no pressure on bone as carrying the leg or in weightless situations can cause what in the bone?

A

loss of bone density

61
Q

what kind of tissue is bone?

A

highly vascular

62
Q

fractures can result in what?

A

significant blood loss

63
Q

what is needed in bone formation for cartilage to convert to bone?

A

blood supply

64
Q

if calcium and phosphorus intakes are inadequate or in improper balance, the body must do what?

A

go to alternate sources

65
Q

what is used to increase calcium levels relative to phosphorus?

A

bone resorption

66
Q

bone is elastic, meaning what?

A

bends some, stretches some, compresses some

67
Q

if there is no skin wound, what kind of fracture is it?

A

simple or closed

68
Q

if there is a skin wound, what kind of fracture is it?

A

compound or open

69
Q

in an open fracture, wound in the skin does what?

A

contacts the fractured bone

70
Q

in an open fracture, wound may have been caused how?

A

by the fracture or by the object which caused the fracture

71
Q

an open fracture is a what kind of situation?

A

emergency

72
Q

an open fracture is a possibility for what?

A

bone infection

73
Q

what is osteomyelitis?

A

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

74
Q

what are the 4 types of fracture lines?

A

greenstick, complete, epiphyseal, and comminutes

75
Q

what is a greenstick fracture?

A

one side of bone is fractures or splintered and the other side is bent

76
Q

what is a complete fracture?

A

fracture extends across entire bone

77
Q

what is an epiphyseal fracture?

A

fracture at the growth plate bone may stop growing in length, very bad

78
Q

what is a comminuted fracture?

A

many fragments, crushed

79
Q

what is a compound fracture?

A

a fragment has pierced the skin, an open fracture

80
Q

What are the 3 requirements to heal a fracture?

A

align the ends of the bone, immobilize the bone, blood supply

81
Q

lacking in one of the requirements to heal a fracture will result in what?

A

non-union with the gap filled with fibrous connective tissue and not bone

82
Q

blood vessels break, clot forms around fracture ends, connective tissue cells move in and produce fibrous connective tissue, blood vessels invade the area, osteoclasts and osteocytes resorb dead bone edges as they clean up debris all happens during what?

A

bone fracture

83
Q

osteoblasts move in and make osteoid, callus helps to immobilize the fracture and acts like a splint, osteoid mineralizes, bone rearranges to reform the marrow cavity and create a straight shaft all happens during what?

A

bone fracture

84
Q

rearranging of bone is called what?

A

remodeling

85
Q

callus rise indicated what?

A

degree of stability

86
Q

what does a large callus mean?

A

poor stabilization of the fracture

87
Q

what does a small callus mean?

A

good stabilization of the fracture

88
Q

age of animal, blood supply to the fracture, amount of correction necessary, is there an infection present, amount of damage to the surrounding tissue are several factors of what?

A

degree of correction achieved

89
Q

how long does a fracture take to heal for a young animal?

A

fast healing time 4-8 weeks

90
Q

how long does a fracture take to heal for an older animal?

A

months to years

91
Q

what is grafting?

A

to take another piece of bone into the area

92
Q

if the graft is accepted part lives and provides a supply of what?

A

osteoblasts to repair bone

93
Q

if the graft is accepted part dies and recipients what removes the dead portion?

A

osteoclasts

94
Q

if the graft is rejected what happens?

A

it all dies

95
Q

what is osteoma?

A

tumor of bone

96
Q

what is chondromas?

A

develop from cartilage

97
Q

what is exostoses?

A

growths due to prolonged irritation

98
Q

what is osteogenic sarcomas?

A

originate from connective tissue

99
Q

what is osetodystrophy?

A

any abnormal bone development

100
Q

Ca+ and Ph+ abnormality is based on what?

A

diet based and disease based

101
Q

what is an inadequate mineralization of osteoid?

A

flexible bones

102
Q

what is lack of vitamin D?

A

Ca+ not absorbed from GI

103
Q

achondroplasia

A

metaphyses fuse early in life but bones continue to increase in diameter

104
Q

achondroplasia is what?

A

hereditary

105
Q

what breed of dog is selectively bred for achondroplasia?

A

dachshunds

106
Q

dwarfism in cattle represents what?

A

achondroplasia

Anatomy (13 decks)

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