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Anatomy > Skin > Flashcards

Skin Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 layers of skin?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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2
Q

What is the Epidermis?

A

outer layer

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3
Q

What is the Dermis?

A

deep layer

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4
Q

What is the Hypodermis?

A

below the skin, underlies the 2 main skin layers

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5
Q

What is the function of the Epidermis?

A

to produce outer squamous, Protective layer

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6
Q

What is located on the epidermis?

A

hair follicles and glands are here, sensory nerve endings

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7
Q

What are sensory nerve endings?

A

how animal interacts with external environment

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8
Q

What are the 2 parts of the Epidermis?

A

Outer and Inner

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9
Q

What is the outer part of the Epidermis?

A

is far from nutrients, cells change and die, slough off

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10
Q

What is an injury to the outer part of Epidermis called?

A

erosion

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11
Q

What is the inner part of the Epidermis?

A

active mitotic, “Basal” lay where cells develop

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12
Q

What is an injury to the inner part of the epidermis called?

A

ulcer

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13
Q

How will an ulcer heal?

A

with a scar

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14
Q

How long does it take for the basal layer of cells to grow out to the superficial layer?

A

6 weeks

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15
Q

In allergy cases with food elimination trials, the new food must be fed exclusively for how long?

A

6-8 weeks

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16
Q

With food elimination for allergy cases, being fed exclusively allows what to happen to all damaged cells reflecting the allergy symptoms?

A

to grow out and slough off

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17
Q

If a new diet have addressed the allergy the new skin will be what?

A

healthy and symptom free

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18
Q

What is the function of the Dermis?

A

support, nourish the epidermis

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19
Q

What is located in the Dermis?

A

pigment cells containing melanin

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20
Q

What does the Dermis contain?

A

arteries, veins, capillaries, lymphatics, and nerves

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21
Q

Deep arteries and veins in animals means what?

A

less cooling, burns less obvious

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22
Q

In the Dermis, what passes through to epidermis?

A

sensory nerves, especially tactile hairs

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23
Q

In the Dermis, what nerves supply blood vessels, sweat and sebaceous glands, and arrector pili muscle?

A

Sympathetic nerve

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24
Q

What is the function of the Hypodermis?

A

store fat, act as a heat insulator, support upper layers, shock absorber

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25
Q

What in the Hypodermis allows the skin to move?

A

loose connective tissue

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26
Q

What does the Hypodermis often contain?

A

fat layer with blood vessels traveling through

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27
Q

What is located under foot pads of dogs and cats?

A

shock absorber

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28
Q

Hypodermic needles suggests the needle is being placed in what layer?

A

Hypodermis

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29
Q

Hypodermic shots might be placed in what layer?

A

Hypodermis

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30
Q

Subcutaneous shots are placed where?

A

Subcutaneous muscle

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31
Q

Intradermal shots are placed where?

A

dermis

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32
Q

Glabrous skin has no what?

A

hair

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33
Q

Where is glabrous skin located?

A

inner leg, lower abdomen of many species

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34
Q

How should glabrous skin be taken advantage of?

A

use for ultrasound studies

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35
Q

What does alopecia mean?

A

abnormal hair loss

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36
Q

What is a cuticle?

A

thin clear outer covering on hair

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37
Q

What is a cortex?

A

outer layer where pigment granule cluster arrangement produces coat color

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38
Q

What is the Medulla?

A

inner core of hair

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39
Q

Air in the Medulla will do what?

A

make hair without pigment appear silver or white

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40
Q

What is the Dermal Papilla?

A

base where hair grows

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41
Q

When does a sebaceous gland empty?

A

empties when hair is raised by arrector pili muscle

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42
Q

Does hair grow continuously?

A

no

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43
Q

What does Anagen mean?

A

growing

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44
Q

What does Catagen mean?

A

transition

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45
Q

What does Telogen mean?

A

resting period, where hair stays in follicle until it falls out, is pushed out by new hair growing or is pulled out

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46
Q

Hair is nearly all what?

A

protein

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47
Q

What does hair require much of in order to grow?

A

anabolic activity

48
Q

What is anabolic activity?

A

constructive metabolism

49
Q

Ill health or disease does what to anagen?

A

shortens it

50
Q

What happens to the hair coat when an animal is ill or has a disease?

A

begins to look bad, hairs fall out

51
Q

What will an animal not waste protein on when they are sick?

A

hair growth

52
Q

Poor diet, pregnancy, stress triggers what?

A

telogen and hairs fall out

53
Q

In pregnancy the requires requires much what?

A

protein

54
Q

What may happen post-whelping or during lactation to the mother?

A

hair might fall out

55
Q

Seasonal shedding is what?

A

normal

56
Q

Light to heavy shedding happens when?

A

at summer/winter transition

57
Q

Heavy to light shedding happens when?

A

winter/summer transition

58
Q

Seasonal shedding is largely triggered by what?

A

photoperiod

59
Q

What is a ragged tip?

A

chewed off

60
Q

What is a pointed tip?

A

not chewed off, fell out pushed by new hair forming below

61
Q

Normal to short hair takes how long to regrow?

A

130 days (4 months)

62
Q

How long does it take for long hair to regrow?

A

18 months (1 1/2 years)

63
Q

“Post clipping alopecia” may occur due to what?

A

chilling of the skin and reduced blood supply

64
Q

What is required for “post clipping alopecia”?

A

longer regrowth time

65
Q

Hair may grow faster when?

A

in the summer

66
Q

Sebaceous glands have what kind of secretion?

A

waxy

67
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

hair follicle, ear canal, eyelid, and genitals

68
Q

What does increased secretion in the sebaceous gland help with in the ear canal?

A

irritation

69
Q

What does the sebaceous gland help with in the eyelid?

A

helps keep tears on eye

70
Q

What does the sebaceous gland help with in the genitals?

A

smegma, bean in horse

71
Q

Sweat glands have what kind of secretion?

A

fluid

72
Q

What animal sweats readily?

A

horses

73
Q

Do other animals sweat?

A

no

74
Q

How do other animals cool off if they don’t sweat?

A

via respiratory system

75
Q

Combination glands have what kind of secretion?

A

mix of waxy and fluid

76
Q

Where are some notable locations of combination glands?

A

anal glands and tail glands

77
Q

Where are the anal glands located?

A

one on each side of the anus

78
Q

Where are the tail glands located?

A

dorsal surface of tail about 2 inches from the base

79
Q

What kind of shape does the tail gland have in a dog?

A

oval

80
Q

What kind of shape does the tail gland have in the cat?

A

length of tail

81
Q

What are some examples of modified epidermis or dermis without hypodermis?

A

horns, claws, dewclaws, hooves, chestnuts, and ergots

82
Q

Where are Ergots located?

A

posterior lower leg at fetlock, digits II and V

83
Q

What is Blastomycosis?

A

fungal disease that can attack skin

84
Q

What does Blastomycosis look like?

A

bumpy skin and draining sores with a mucous discharge

85
Q

What does zoonotic mean?

A

a disease that animals can pass to humans

86
Q

What does an autoimmune disease do characteristically?

A

attacks mucocutaneous junctions

87
Q

What are mucocutaneous junctions?

A

where skin meets mucous membrane

88
Q

Is autoimmune disease contagious to people?

A

no

89
Q

A skin lesion is the skin’s response to what?

A

disease and injury

90
Q

No matter the insult, the skin only has a few what?

A

possible responses

91
Q

Skin responds with what?

A

surface lesions, fluid filled lesions, and erosive lesions

92
Q

What are some surface lesions?

A

papule, plaque, macule, patch, scale, crust, hive

93
Q

What is a papule?

A

a small solid raised lesion that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter

94
Q

What is a plaque?

A

a solid raised lesion that is greater than 0.5 cm in diameter

95
Q

What is a macule?

A

a flat discolored lesion that is less than 1 cm in diameter

96
Q

What is a patch?

A

a flat discolored lesion that is greater than 1 cm in diameter

97
Q

What is a scale?

A

a flaking or dry patch made up of excess dead epidermal cells

98
Q

What is a crust?

A

a collection of dried serum and cellular debris

99
Q

What is a hive?

A

a smooth slightly elevated swollen area that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin, usually accompanied by itching

100
Q

Definition of hive

A

a well-defined, elevated, edematous skin lesion associated with an acute hypersensitivity reaction

101
Q

What can a hive also be called?

A

wheal

102
Q

What is urticaria?

A

an allergic reaction

103
Q

What are some fluid filled lesions?

A

cyst, pustule, vesicle, and bulla

104
Q

What is a cyst?

A

a closed sack or much containing fluid or semisolid material

105
Q

What is a pustule?

A

a small circumscribed elevation of the skin containing pus

106
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

a circumscribed elevation of skin containing fluid that is less than 0.5 cm in diameter

107
Q

What is a bulla?

A

a large vesicle that is more than 0.5 cm in diameter

108
Q

What are some erosive lesions?

A

fissure and ulcer

109
Q

What is a fissure?

A

a groove of crack-like sore

110
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

an open sore or erosion of the skin or mucous membrane resulting in tissue loss

111
Q

Why do ulcers heal with scarring?

A

because the germinal layers of the skin have been damaged

112
Q

Erosions are what?

A

superficial

113
Q

What happens to the germinal layer with erosions?

A

it is not damaged

114
Q

Ulcers are what?

A

deep

115
Q

What sequence of lesions makes one suspect a virus?

A

papule, vesicle, pustule, and crust

116
Q

What sequence of lesions makes one suspect an autoimmune disease?

A

papule, vesicle, pustule, and crust

117
Q

Once a lesion is ruptured a sample is what?

A

no good

Anatomy (13 decks)

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