Reproductive System Flashcards
(337 cards)
1
Q
What does the male reproductive anatomy consist of?
A
Testicle, epididymis, ductus deferens
2
Q
Where are the testes located?
A
descends from near kidney to scrotum by birth or soon after
3
Q
In some lab animals where will the testes lie?
A
within the inguinal canal naturally at maturity
4
Q
What does “High flanker” mean?
A
testes are in canal
5
Q
What does “Cryptorchid” mean?
A
testes in abdomen
6
Q
What is the testicle used for?
A
site of daily sperm formation
7
Q
How many sperm cells do dogs make in a day?
A
millions
8
Q
How many sperm cells do cats make in a day?
A
50-100 million
9
Q
How many sperm cells do bulls, rams make in a day?
A
billions
10
Q
How many sperm cells do horses make in a day?
A
3.5- 6 billion a day
11
Q
How many sperm cells do dogs make for insemination need?
A
125 million (breed every other day)
12
Q
How many sperm cells do cats make for insemination need?
A
50-100 million
13
Q
How many sperm cells do bulls make for insemination need?
A
20-30 million (60 inseminations/ejaculate)
14
Q
How many sperm cells do horses make for insemination need?
A
500 million (6 inseminations/ejaculate)
15
Q
What is the epididymis used for?
A
sperm mature and are stored
16
Q
What can the ductus deferens also called?
A
Vas deferens and deferent duct
17
Q
What is the ductus deferens used for?
A
conducts sperm to urethra for ejaculation
18
Q
Where is the deferent artery located?
A
vein along the ductus deferens
19
Q
What is the testicular artery?
A
vein to the testicle
20
Q
What is a Pampiniform Plexus?
A
vein contoured to form a cooling system
21
Q
What does the Pampiniform Plexus do?
A
takes heat out of the artery to the testicle to help the testicle remain cool
22
Q
Why should the testicle be kept cool?
A
it is important to sperm production
23
Q
The testicular vein grabs the what and takes it back to the body leaving what to reach the testicle?
A
heat, cooler arterial blood
24
Q
What does the Cremaster muscle do?
A
raises and lowers the testicle to help maintain optimum temperature
25
What happens with the Cremaster muscle in some species?
draws the testicle into the canal or even abdomen
26
A cryptorchid animals may have the testicle located where?
the path of travel from the kidney to the canal
27
When should the testicle in a cryptorchid animal be removed?
at castration
28
What happens if the testicle in a cryptorchid animal is not removed?
it can still produce sperm and the apparently "castrated" animal will still be fertile and exhibit male characteristics
29
What does a testicle living in the abdomen with a high temperature cause?
it can cause it become cancerous
30
What do accessory sex glands contribute to in males?
fluid to semen
31
What do accessory sex glands in males cause?
motility
32
Accessory dex glands in males have volume for what?
transport
33
Accessory sex glands in males have nutrition to what?
sperm
34
Accessory sex glands in males buffer against what?
acidic female tract
35
Ductus passes through what before reaching urethra?
ampullae
36
In what animals are ampullae found in?
bull, stallion, ram
37
In what animal is the ampullae small?
dogs
38
Where do seminal vesicles empty with ductus deferent into?
urethra
39
Where are seminal vesicles located?
lie next to ampullae dorsal to bladder in caudal abdomen
40
In what animals are seminal vesicles located?
bull, stallion, ram, boar
41
Where is the prostate located?
surrounds urethra distal to neck of bladder
42
In what animals can the prostate be found?
all species
43
Enlargement of the prostate does what?
causes pain, interferes with urination
44
In what species does enlargement of the prostate especially interfere with urination?
dogs and humans
45
What is bulbourethral?
Cowper's gland
46
Where is the bulbourethral located?
distal to prostate
47
In what animals can the bulbourethral be found in?
cat, bull, horse, boar
48
What does the Cremaster muscle do?
raises and lowers the testicle for temperature control
49
When is the testicle lower?
during warm environmental temperatures
50
When is the testicle closer to the body?
in cold temperatures
51
What is a penis?
cavernous tissue fills with blood to cause erection
52
What is a prepuce?
haired sheath covering penis
53
What is a scrotum?
haired sack containing the testicles
54
What are the four parts of a sperm?
head, neck, mid piece, and tail
55
What does the head of a sperm contain?
nucleus, 1/2 chromosomes
56
What is the mid piece of a sperm?
the body
57
What does the mid piece of a sperm provide?
ATP energy for motility
58
What does the tail do in a sperm?
provides motility
59
Alterations in sperm structure are associated with what?
infertility
60
In cattle abnormalities are divided into what categories?
major and minor
61
15% major abnormalities are due to what?
questionable breeder
62
30% minor abnormalities are due to what?
questionable breeder
63
10% of abnormal head, mid piece, and tail is used means what in cats?
BAD
64
15% of abnormal head, mid piece, and tail is used means what in dogs?
BAD
65
Head abnormalities cannot exceed what?
10-12%
66
What are cytoplasmic droplets?
bits of cell fluid
67
Where are cytoplasmic droplets located and where do they go?
at head and work way down tail with maturity
68
What can cytoplasmic droplets affect?
motility (therefore fertility)
69
Cytoplasmic droplets means what?
sperm kicked out of epididymis too early because of overuse
70
Semen was okay and now after use cytoplasmic droplets was seen what should solve the problem?
sexual rest
71
When something is wrong developmentally with cytoplasmic droplets it is usually seen when?
after the animal has been rested sexually
72
Motility can also mean what?
fertility
73
Motility means what?
forward progression
74
Some abnormalities shown inhibit what?
forward movement
75
Movement through the female tract are enhanced by what?
uterine contractions
76
Uterine contractions are stimulated by what?
mating process
77
Capacitation means what?
increased metabolic activity of sperm
78
When does Capacitation occur?
over time as sperm remain in female
79
What happens in Capacitation?
breakdown of outer coverings of sperm head, enzymes to penetrate ovum are released, leads to fertilization
80
Many sperm are needed to alter the protective covering around the egg to allow fertilization but only one what?
sperm fertilizes the egg
81
How long is sheep sperm viable in female reproductive tract?
2 days
82
How long are cows sperm viable in female reproductive tract?
1-2 days
83
How long are horses sperm viable in female reproductive tract?
5 days
84
How long is human sperm viable in female reproductive tract?
7 days
85
What 4 factors does Sperm formation occur?
FSH, LH, Testosterone, and Photoperiod
86
What is FSH?
follicle stimulating hormone
87
What is LH
luteinizing hormone
88
What is photoperiod?
of hours of daylight
89
What gland produces FSH and LH?
pituitary
90
FSH initiates what?
spermatogenesis in testicle
91
LH triggers what?
testosterone release by testicle
92
Testosterone and FSH causes what?
sperm to mature
93
Sperm production involves how long of a cycle?
60 days
94
50 out of the 60 days in sperm production happens is to what?
testis
95
10 out of the 60 days in sperm production is to what?
epididymis
96
How long does it take to recover production from inflammation of the testicles?
2 months
97
What does testosterone also cause?
secondary male sex characteristics
98
What are some secondary male sex characteristics?
massive head, less fat, increased size, behaviors such as marking and aggression
99
How many ovaries is there?
2
100
Where are ovaries located?
near kidney usually
101
Where are the ovaries located in cows?
near brim of pelvis
102
What are some other names for Oviduct?
uterine tube or fallopian tube
103
What does the fallopian tube have at the edge of infundibulum?
fimbriae
104
What are fimbriae used for?
to capture egg after it ovulates
105
What does the fallopian tube do?
transports egg to uterus
106
What occurs in the fallopian tubes?
fertilization
107
What does the uterus consist of?
2 uterine horns, 1 body, and 1 cervix
108
What occurs in the uterus?
fetal growth
109
Uterus and ovaries are supported by what?
broad ligament
110
What is a broad ligament?
a fold of peritoneum that wraps around the reproductive tract?
111
Mesometrium
uterus
112
Mesovarium
ovary
113
Mesosalpinx
uterine tube
114
What does the suspensory ligament of ovary do?
fixes ovary to body wall
115
What does the round ligament do?
extends through lateral broad ligament to body wall at the internal inguinal ring
116
What is a problem in some species during partition?
vaginal tears
117
Where is the vestibule located?
between vagina and vulva
118
Where does the urethra empty?
into urethral tubercle via urethral orifice
119
What is the urethra a landmark for?
placing a urethral catheter
120
Urethral orifice marks boundary between what?
vestibule and vagina
121
Urine pooling is a what and causes what?
conformation problem, causes infertility
122
What is a vulva?
outer genitalia
123
Signs of heat occur where in the female?
vulva
124
One or more follicles develop on one or more ovaries depending on what?
species
125
FSH from pituitary stimulates what?
one cell to enlarge
126
Monotocous
1 cell enlarges, inhibits formation of others
127
Polytocous
several cells enlarge
128
As follicle matures, what develops?
fluid-filled cavity
129
What is it called when a follicle matures and a fluid-filled cavity develops?
graffian follicle
130
What does the fluid in the graffian follicle contain?
estrogen
131
Follicle bulges to where?
outside of ovary
132
LH from pituitary causes what?
ovulation
133
Fimbriae does what?
brings egg to oviduct
134
What are fimbriae?
fringed end of the infundibulum which is the opening of the oviduct that wraps around the outside of the ovary
135
+/- Corpus hemorrhagicum forms where?
on the ovary
136
When does +/- Corpus hemorrhagicum form?
after ovulation if a blood vessel has ruptured
137
LH causes what?
cells around cavity to multiply and fill cavity
138
What else can the LH be called?
corpus luteum
139
What does corpus luteum produce?
progesterone
140
What does progesterone maintain?
pregnancy
141
If not pregnant, corpus luteum does what?
regresses later
142
Failure of follicle to rupture
cystic ovary
143
high estrogen therefore symptoms of what?
constant heat
144
Failure of corpus luteum to regress causes what?
infertility, high progesterone therefore body thinks is PG, no heat cycle, pseudopregnancy
145
Monestrous
1 heat cycle/year
146
Polyestrous
constant cycle
147
Seasonally polyestrous
many cycles at certain season
148
What animal is monestrous?
dogs
149
Which animals are polyestrous?
cows, mares, sows, primates
150
Which animals are seasonally polyestrous?
cat and ewe
151
What are the 5 stages of the estrous cycle?
proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus, anestrus
152
What happens during the proestrous stage?
"build-up" Increased FSH, decreased LH from pituitary
153
What forms during the pro estrous stage?
follicles
154
Estrogen production in follicular fluid is absorbed into what?
blood causing "build-up"
155
What happens when estrogen production in follicular fluid is absorbed into the blood causing "build-up"?
vaginal wall thickens, uterine vascularity increases, vaginal smear can detect changes
156
What happens during the estrous stage?
heat
157
What is heat determine by?
high estrogen levels
158
How can heat be detected?
with behavior, tease, vaginal smell
159
Ovulation times to occur during or soon after what?
heat
160
Decreases what, increased what causes ovulation?
decreased FSH and increased LH
161
What are the 2 types of ovulators?
spontaneous and induced
162
What ovulators happen regardless of breeding?
spontaneous
163
In what animals does spontaneous ovulators occur?
cow, sow, ewe, goat, mare, bitch, primates, mouse, rat, guinea pig
164
In induced ovulators breeding stimulates what gland to produce LH peak?
pituitary
165
What ovulator may take several breeding for enough LH for ovulation?
induced
166
If not bred in induced ovulator, what does the ovum do?
generally regresses
167
In what animals does induced ovulators occur?
cat, rabbit, ferret, mink, camel, llama, alpaca
168
In induced ovulators, problems occur if what?
not bred and ovum does regress
169
The persistent what causes severe depression of bone marrow resulting in what?
high estrogen and aplastic anemia
170
What should you do with ferrets that are not breeding?
spay
171
What happens in metestrus stage?
corpus luteum functions to increase progesterone (and decrease estrogen)
172
What does the metestrus stage promote change in?
uterus, vagina (smear can detect)
173
What does the metestrus stage change support in?
implantation of fertilized ovum, nourishment of developing embryo, development of mammary gland
174
When does the diestrus stage happen?
during breeding season of polyestrous female
175
during diestrus stage, short period of inactivity happens before beginning what?
proestrus again
176
When does anestrus stage happen?
between sexual seasons
177
What happens during the anestrus stage?
long period of inactivity
178
What is the diestrus stage related to?
photoperiod
179
What may the diestrus stage equal length to?
gestation
180
What is the gestation time for mares?
336 days = 11 months
181
What is the gestation time for sows?
114 days = 3 months 3 weeks 3 days
182
What is the gestation time for dogs and cats?
63 days = 2 months
183
What is the gestation time for cows?
282 days = 9 months
184
What is the gestation time for ewes?
150 days = 5 months
185
What is the gestation time for guinea pigs?
68 days = 2 months
186
guinea pigs are what at birth?
precocious
187
What is the gestation time for rats?
23 days = 3 weeks+
188
What is the gestation time for mice?
21 days = 3 weeks
189
What is the gestation time for ferrets?
41-42 days = 1 month, 10 days
190
What is the gestation period for chinchillas?
111 days = 3 months, 3 weeks
191
ferrets are what at birth?
precocious
192
What does precocious mean?
hair, teeth, eyes and ears are open
193
What is the gestation time for rabbits?
33 days = 1 month
194
What is the gestation time for gerbils?
23 days = 3 weeks+
195
What is the gestation time for hamsters?
15 days = 2 weeks
196
What does pseudopregnancy mean?
false pregnancy about same length as gestation
197
Uterine changes resemble what?
pregnancy
198
What happens during pseudopregnancy?
persistant CL, uterine changes, active mammary glands, behaviors as nesting, caring for stuffed animals
199
What can result during uterine changes that resemble pregnancy?
pyometra and it can make the animal sick
200
How long are eggs viable?
12 hours
201
How long is sperm viable?
6/7 days depending on species
202
How long is puberty in mares?
18 months
203
Are mares polyestrous?
yes
204
How long is the estrus length in mares?
6 days
205
How long is foal heat?
9 days post partum
206
What is silent heat?
ovulation without estrus signs
207
What are some signs of estrus?
flag tail, urinate, wink vulva, stand to be mounted
208
How long is puberty in cows?
varies with breed, ranges 4-25 months
209
Are cows polyestrous?
yes
210
How long is estrus length in cows?
18 hours
211
Heat detection is extremely important in what?
cows
212
What are some signs of estrus in cows?
stand to be mounted or mount other cattle
213
How many female cows can 1 male cow mate with?
15-40 females depending on age/efficiency
214
When may cows bleed in metestrus?
1-3 days
215
When does puberty occur in ewes?
1st fall if well fed
216
What kind of cycle do ewes have?
seasonally polyesters with long anestrus
217
How many consecutive cycles can an ewe have?
1-20
218
How long is estrus in ewes?
30 hours
219
When does puberty occur in sows?
7 months, delayed with poor diet
220
What kind of cycle do sows have?
polyestrous
221
How long is estrus in sows?
40-46 hours
222
How many ovas do sows ovulate?
16.4
223
How long after weaning are sows fertile estrus?
7-9 days
224
When does puberty occur in small bred bitches?
6-8 months
225
When does puberty occur in large bred bitches?
1 1/2 years- 2 years
226
What kind of cycle do bitches have?
monestrous
227
When do bitches breed?
on 3rd heat, allow pelvis to grow
228
What is a concern in young bitches used for breeding?
pelvis size
229
What are signs of heat proestrus in bitches?
vulva swells, bleeding=RED
230
What are signs of heat estrus in bitches?
decreased bleeding=straw colored, willing to stand for male to mount her, vaginal smears used
231
How long is estrus in bitches?
up to 2 weeks
232
Bitches breed on what days?
alternate
233
On days 9, 11, and 13 bitches will do what?
won't accept male
234
What are signs of pseudopregnancy in bitches?
lactation, nesting, adoption
235
How long is puberty in queens?
10 months
236
What kind of cycle do queens have?
seasonally polyestrous, especially spring and fall
237
How long is estrus in queens?
2-3 days
238
What are signs of estrus in queens?
vocal, posturing (cat fights often are really breeding behavior instead)
239
How many times of queens cycle?
2-3 x/ year
240
When is it best to beed cats?
2nd or 3rd heat
241
Gestation definintion
extends from fertilization of ovum to birth
242
How many trimesters does gestation consist of?
3
243
What is organogenesis?
first organ system formed is CNS, happens during 1st trimester
244
What is critical in the 1st trimester?
time. major problems caused when things go wrong
245
What does the embryo resemble at the end of the 1st trimester
adult
246
What happens during the 2nd trimester?
fetal growth
247
What happens during the 3rd trimester?
great increase in size. hair last 2 weeks
248
Where does fertilization occur?
fallopian tube
249
How long does the embryo remain in the oviduct?
days
250
Cell division goes from cleavage to what and then what?
morula and then blastula in oviduct
251
Where does blastula return to?
uterus
252
What does implantation imply?
implies a deep penetration into the uterus endometrium to connective tissues beneath epithelium
253
What does attachment imply?
less penetration, non-invasive cell to cell junctions between embryo tissues and uterine epithelium
254
Nutrients derive from what prior to implantation/attachment?
yolk sac
255
One yolk sac embeds in uterus, nutrients from dam via what?
placenta
256
In what animals does implantation occur?
primates and rodents
257
In what animals does attachment occur?
most domestic animals
258
Placenta connects to fetus via what?
umbilicus
259
What does placenta bring in close contact with maternal blood?
fetal blood
260
What does the placenta have?
nutrients, O2, wastes diffuse across barrier
261
Fetal blood always separated from maternal blood by at least one cells wall. The two bloods never do what?
mix
262
Where does the placenta implant in horses and cows?
near bifurcation
263
Where is placenta located in dogs, cats, and pigs?
spread out evenly in hours
264
What are the 4 types of placentas?
discoidal, zonary, cotyledonary, and diffuse
265
What is discoidal placenta?
attached in disk-shaped area
266
What animals have discoidal placenta?
man, primates, some rodents
267
What is zonary placenta?
attached in a girdle-like band
268
What animals have a zonary placenta?
dogs and cats
269
What is cotyledonary placenta?
"button" attachment with no placental attachment between buttons=placetome
270
Maternal side
mushroom-like caruncles
271
fetal side
villus projections into caruncle called cotyledons
272
What animals have cotyledonary placenta?
ruminants as sheep, goats, and cows
273
What is diffuse placenta?
fetal villi project into crypts scattered over entire endometrium of uterus
274
What animals have diffuse placenta?
horses and pigs
275
What two membranes surround the fetus?
allantoic sac and amniotic sac
276
What is the allantoic sac?
outer water bag
277
Where is the allantoic sac located?
fused to fetal placenta
278
Which is the 1st water sac to rupture?
allantoic sac
279
rupture of allantoic sac stimulates what?
uterine contractions
280
What is amniotic sac?
inner water bag immediately around fetus
281
What happens to the amniotic sac?
clean membranes away when born
282
When fetus breathes or swallows what can happen?
amniotic sac membrane are sucked into stomach, trachea
283
Fetus produces increased ACTH from its out pituitary which causes increased secretion of what from the fetus?
adrenal gland steroids
284
Fetal what cause maternal uterus to secrete increased what?
adrenal gland steroids, PGF2a
285
What is PGF2a?
prostaglandin
286
What does PGF2a cause?
the release of oxytocin from maternal pituitary
287
What does oxytocin cause?
uterine contractions
288
increase abdomen size, increased mammary glands and begin to secrete, edema ventral abdomen, vulva swells, relaxation of abdominal wall, sinking tail head, restless , seeks seclusion, urinate often, build a nest, discharge cervical plug is lost are all signs of what?
impending labor
289
What are the 3 stages of labor?
dilation of cervix, delivery of fetus, delivery of placenta
290
What happens during the 1st stage of labor?
uterine contractions force water bag against cervix
291
Can we see contractions form the outside?
no
292
What is a sign that an animal is having a contraction?
looks at side, kicks at side
293
How long do contractions last in cows and ewes?
2 to 6 hours
294
How long do contractions last in mares?
1 to 4 hours
295
How long do contraction last in sows?
2 to 12 hours
296
What happens in the 2nd stage of labor?
presence of parts of fetus in vagina rupture of water bags cause contraction of abdominal muscles and straining
297
What protects canals in ungulates?
"hoof caps"
298
What happens to "hoof caps" after birth?
wear off soon after birth/ walking
299
What can "hoof caps" help with?
telling if an animal got up after being born
300
What happens in the 3rd stage of labor?
placenta normally follows fetus almost immediately
301
What happens if the placenta is retained in the uterus too long?
infection
302
What is a normal presentation of the fetus being born?
front feet first with head extended and nose between front feet, dorsal of fetus in contact with sacrum
303
Dystocia
difficult birth
304
What are some treatments for dystocia?
C-section is safest, fetotomy to save dam
305
What is fetotomy?
cut up fetus
306
How many mammary glands do bitch, sow, and queen have?
chain of glands
307
How many mammary glands do mare, sheep, goats, and some rodents have?
inguinal pair (2)
308
How many mammary glands do cows have?
inguinal 4
309
How many mammary glands do anthropoids and elephants have?
pectoral pair (2)
310
Mammary glandular system is what for each teat?
separate
311
What does the mammary glandular system resemble?
lung tissue
312
Hormones stimulate mammary gland alveoli to produce what?
milk
313
Prolactin and growth hormone comes from what?
pituitary
314
Adrenal corticoids come from what?
adrenal glands
315
Oxytocin contracts what and causes what?
smooth muscle and causes milk letdown
316
How is oxytocin released?
under influence of suckling, milking routine
317
Letdown is inhibited by what?
emotionally disturbing stimuli as dogs barking, loud noise, pain, cold H2O is used to washed the udder
318
What is colostrum?
first milk
319
What does colostrum contain?
protein, cells, energy source, vitamins, minerals, water
320
What proteins does colostrum contain?
albumins and globulins
321
What energy sources does colostrum contain?
lipids, milk proteins, carbohydrates
322
What lipids does the colostrum contain?
triglycerides
323
What milk protein does the colostrum contain?
albumin
324
What carbohydrates does the colostrum contain?
lactose- low in colostrum, higher in milk later
325
What vitamins does the colostrum contain?
A and D
326
What mincers does colostrum contain?
Iron
327
What does colostrum provide?
passive immunity
328
What is 1/2 life of colostral abs?
14-21 days
329
Antibody levels can be high to do what?
interfere with vaccinations yet too low to protect against disease as the antibody levels decrease
330
Why are some dairy young not allowed to nurse?
Johne's Disease
331
How is Johne's Disease transmitted?
mother to offspring via fecal contamination
332
When should nursing begin?
1-2 hours, 4-6 hours at the most
333
How to tell if have nursed adequately?
check TP (total protein)
334
Why would TP tell you anything?
When they nurse they consume protein which makes it into the blood
335
What proteins were consumed with colostrum?
albumin and globulin
336
Which are most important for immunity?
Globulins= antibodies to diseases to which dam has been exposed
337
Which will be picked up the most on the TP test?
Albumins are the large proteins that provide osmotic pressure in the blood and serve to transport other molecules in the blood
