Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
Kidney is retro__________.
A
retroperitoneal.
2
Q
Which vertebras are the kidney located at?
A
Between T12 and L3
3
Q
Kidneys are partially protected by which ribs?
A
11 and 12
4
Q
Which kidney is slightly lower?
A
RIGHT
5
Q
Which kidney is slightly longer?
A
LEFT
6
Q
How are the ureters and suprarenal glands covered?
A
periotneum as well! (retroperitoneal).
7
Q
3 functions of kidney
A
Regulation of blood volume and composition, regulation of blood pressure, contribution to metabolism.
8
Q
How do the kidneys affect blood?
A
1) Maintains water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood (help control blood pH by excreting selected amounts of excess H+)
2) Secretion of the enzyme RENIN
Activates the renin-angiotensin pathway which results in
an increase in blood pressure
9
Q
How do the kidney contribute to metabolism (3)?
A
Synthesis of new glucose molecules during periods of fasting or starvation
– Secretion of erythropoeitin
– Participate in synthesis of Vitamin D
10
Q
Kidney attaches to posterior abdominal wall by,?
A
renal fascia
11
Q
Which is deeper: renal capsule or adipose capsule?
A
renal capsule
12
Q
what is the adipose capsule for (fat capsule)?
A
protection
13
Q
what is the renal capsule for?
A
shape of kidney and barrier against trauma
14
Q
Renal lobe
A
Area consisting of a renal pyramid, renal columns and the overlying renal cortex
15
Q
How is the renal lobe divided?
A
outer cortical zone and an inner juxtamedullary zone
16
Q
The Renal Cortex and Renal Pyramids together are termed the?
A
parenchyma
17
Q
Each parenchyma contain…
A
nephrons
18
Q
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
A
Nephron
19
Q
3 Basic functions of nephron
A
Filters blood
– Returns useful substances to the blood so
that they are not lost from the body
– Removes substances that are not needed by the body
– All 3 functions result in urine production and homeostasis of the blood
20
Q
A nephron has 2 parts…
A
1) renal corpuscle
2) renal tubule
21
Q
What does the renal corpuscle do?
A
plasma filtration
22
Q
What does the renal tubule do?
A
passage of filtered fluid do
23
Q
Each corpuscle has which 2 components:
A
glomerulus and glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule (cup surrounding glomerulus).
24
Q
How is blood filtered in the Bowman’s capsule?
A
Blood is filtered from the Glomerulus through the visceral layer wall into the Renal Tubule
25
Explain the parietal and visceral layers of the Bowman's capsule.
Parietal Layer:
• Outer layer formed by simple squamous epithelium
Visceral Layer:
• Inner layer formed by epithelial cells called Podocytes
26
What is between parietal and visceral layers?
Capsular space
27
What is the first step in the production of urine?
Glomerular filtration (filters water and small molecules)
28
What doesn't the glomerular filtration filter?
Does NOT filter plasma proteins, blood cells and platelets.
29
Filtration happens through...
Filtration happens through three layers of the visceral layer into the capsular space
30
The three layers of filtration are?
Fenestration, basal lamina, extentions of the podocyte (pedicels).
31
The fenestration of glomerular endothelial cells do what?
prevent filtration of blood cells but allow all components of blood plasma to pass through.
32
What does the basal lamina of the glomerulus do?
prevents filtration of large proteins
33
What dos the silt membrane between pedicels do?
prevents filtration of medium-sized proteins.
34
From the silt membrane, where does the filtrate enter?
renal tubule
35
Distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into a single...
collecting duct
36
Collecting ducts converge to form
papillary ducts which drain into th eminor calyces at the renal papilla
37
Renal drainage is approximately ______ liters/day of urine
1-2
38
Papillary ducts drain into the...
minor calyces
39
minor calyces drain into
major calyces
40
from major calyces, drainage is into the
renal pelvis
41
and from the renal pelvis
out thorough the ureter into the urinary bladder
42
More than 99%!!! of the filtered water and solutes return to the bloodstream via...
tubular reabsorption
43
Renal artery divides into about 5 ___________ arteries.
lobar/segmental
44
The efferent arteriole drains (unfiltered/filtered) blood from the glomerulus.
filtered
45
What can produce large changes in renal blood flow and vascular resistance affecting the entire systemic circulation?
Vasodilation and vasoconstriction of afferent/efferent arterioles
46
Efferent arterioles divide to form another network of capillaries called
peritubular capillaries
47
Peritubular capillaries reunite to form...
Reunite to form Peritubular Venules and then Interlobular Veins (also receive blood from the Vasa Recta).
Blood drains into the Arcuate Veins to the Interlobar Veins
• Blood leaves the kidney through the Renal Vein
48
_______% of nephrons are cortical nephrons
80-85
49
Loops of henle only penentrate what?
the superficial portion of the medulla.
50
The remaining 15-20% of nephrons are called what?
juxtamedullary nephrons
51
Which is thicker: ascending or descending limbs of the loop of henle?
thick ascending
52
where does the loop of henle receive its blood supply?
from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta
53
The vasa recta extends where?
the efferent arterioles
54
the vasa recta supplies what?
tubular portion of the nephrons in the renal medulla
55
where is the concentration of urine achieved?
in vasa recta
56
Where is small sized nutrients and other useful solutes of the blood re absorbed?
The blood re-absorbs small sized nutrients and other useful solutes (that were originally filtered out in the Glomerulus) from the tubules into the Vasa Recta
57
What happens to large waste products that cant be filtered through the filtration slits?
Diffused into the tubules
58
The ascneding limb comes into contact with what?
the afferent arteriole
59
What are the cells called in the area of the afferent arteriole in contact with the ascending limb?
Macula densa
60
The wall of the afferent arteriole contans what?
smooth muscle fibers called juxtaglomerular cells!
61
The macula densa + JG make up the:
juxtaglomerular apparatus JGA
62
What does the JGA do?
The Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA) regulates blood pressure within the kidneys
63
The distal convoluted tubule begins right after the...
macular densa
64
Explain tubular reabsoprtion.
Returns most of the filtered H20 and solutes into the bloodstream
Reabsorbed solute include glucose, a-a, urea, ions (sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, and phosphate)
Most small proteins and peptides are reabsorbed.
65
What do diuretics do?
Diuretics slow down renal re-
absorption of water and in turn
cause diuresis – increased
urination rate
66
Where does tubular reabsorption happen mainly?
Mainly occurs at the proximal convoluted cells
67
What is tubular secretion?
Transfer of material from the blood and tubular cells into the tubular fluid
Secreted substances include H+, K+ and ammonium, creatine and certain drugs (ie., penicillin)
68
What are the 2 major outcomes of tubular secretion?
```
Two major outcomes
- H+ secretion helps
control blood pH
- Secretion of other
substances help
eliminate them from
the body
```
69
By which contractons, is the urine transorted to the urinary bladder through the ureter?
peristaltic with contribution from hydrostatic pressure and gravity.
70
Are ureters retroperitoneal?
yes
71
How is backflow of urine avoided?
Backflow of urine is prevented by the pressure within the bladder compressing the oblique opening into the ureter
72
3 layers of ureters
mucosa, muscularis, fibrous/adventitia
73
The mucosa of the ureters contains what kind of cells?
transitional epithelial cells and a lamina propria
74
What is the purpose of the mucosa of the ureters?
– Allows the bladder to accommodate various volumes of fluid
| – Mucous secretions protect the cells and prevent them from coming into contact with the urine
75
Explain the muscular layer of the ureter (fibers).
Inner longitudinal fibers and outer circular fibers
(opposite from GI tract)
DISTAL third of the tube also have OUTER longitudinal layer
76
Major function of muscularis ureter.
Peristalsis
77
Function of adventitia of ureter.
anchors ureters in place.
78
Arterial supply of ureter
renal arteries, gonadal arteries, common iliac arteries, inferior vesical arteries.
79
Is urinary bladder retroperitoneal?
yes
80
Urinary bladder located posterior to the...
pubic symphysis
81
3 layers of the urinary bladder
Mucosa, muscularis, adventitia , MAYBE 4th layer
82
What does the mucosa of the urinary bladder have?
rugae
83
The mucosa of the urinary bladder contains what kind of cells?
Transitional epithelium and lamina propria (like the ureters)
84
Muscularis of urinary bladder consists of what kinds of muscle?
Consists of inner and outer longitudinal muscle with intermediate circular muscle layer
85
Which muscle of the muscularis of urinary bladder serves to "push down"?
detrusor muscle
86
What type of muscle is the external urethral sphincter?
skeletal muscle
87
Explain the potential 4th layer of the urinary bladder.
serosal layer - superficial superior surface is covered with a serous layer of visceral peritoneum
88
Arterial supply of urinary bladder
* Internal Iliacs
* Superior Gluteals
* Internal Pudendals
89
Venous return of urinary bladder
• Internal Iliac vein
90
What is micturition?
Discharge of urine from the urinary bladder
91
Is micturition voluntary or involuntary contraction?
Both
92
What is the micturition reflex?
When the volume > 200-400 ml, stretch receptors the wall transmit impulses into the spinal cord
Propagate to micturition center in the spinal cord (at the level of S2-S3) and trigger a micturition reflex
From the micturition center, parasympathetic impulses propagate to the urinary bladder wall and internal urethral sphincter
Causes contractions of the detrusor muscle and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
Simultaneously, innervation of the external urethral sphincter is inhibited
93
Does the reflex need to be there to tell you you need to pee?
No, Bladder filling causes a sense of fullness that initiates a conscious desire to urinate before the reflex actually occurs
94
What type of fibers are present in the urethra?
striated fibers
95
What are the 4 things that happen with the kidneys and aging?
Shrink in size, lower blood flow, filters less blood, sense of thirst is diminished (more dehydrated)
96
What is nephroptosis?
Inferior displacement of the kidney (dropping of kidney)
Kidney slips due to a deficient adipose capsule or renal fascia
Kidney is not securely held in place by
adjacent structures
97
Does nephroptosis happen more in thin or thick people?
thin
98
Nerve supply of kidney (?)
Originate from the celiac ganglia (sympathetic division of the ANS)
– Pass through the renal plexus
– Most are vasomotor nerves and regulate blood flow and renal resistance by altering the diameter of arterioles
99
What happens to the bulbourethral gland of the urethra duct before ejaculation?
Delivers an alkaline substance before ejaculation to neutralize the acidity of the urethra.
Also secrete mucous which lubricates the end of the penis during sexual arousal
100
What do ducts from the seminal vesicle and vas deferens secrete?
Secretions from both ducts neutralize the acidity of the female reproductive system
Contribute to sperm motility and viability
