Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Ventilation
A
Ventilation is used for breathing, to bring air from the outside of the body inside to the lungs, or from the lungs to the outside environment
2
Q
Respiration
A
Exchange of gases between the external atmosphere, the blood, and the cells.
3
Q
External respiration
A
The exchange of gases from the lung’s air sacs to the pulmonary capillaries.
4
Q
Internal respiration
A
The exchange of gases from the systemic capillaries to the tissue cells.
5
Q
Increased O2 in the blood and less CO2 is……..
A
external respiration
6
Q
Decreased O2 in the blood and more CO2 is….
A
internal respiration
7
Q
Two systems of the respiratory system.
A
conduction and respiratory portion
8
Q
What does the conduction portion do?
A
Filter, warm, and moisten the air and conduct it to the lungs
9
Q
What does the conduction portion include?
A
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and terminal bronchioles.
10
Q
What does the respiratory portion include?
A
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, and alveoli.
11
Q
What does the respiratory portion do?
A
Gas exchange
12
Q
Lateral walls of the nose
A
Ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal, palatine, internal nasal conchae.
13
Q
Floor of the nose
A
Maxilla and palatine
14
Q
Nasal septum of the nose
A
Vomer, ethmoid, palatine and maxilla.
15
Q
Internal structures of the nose has 3 functions
A
1 - Warm, moisten, and filter incoming air
2 - Detect olfactory stimuli
3 - modify speech vibrations as they pass through resonating chambers
16
Q
What is the purpose of conchae/meatuses?
A
Increase the surface area in the cavity and prevents dehydration by trapping droplets of water during exhalation.
17
Q
Where do olfactory receptor cells lie?
A
In the membrane, lining the superior nasal conchae and the septum.
18
Q
Where does the pharynx extend (from where to where)?
A
Extends from internal nares (two openings) to the level of the cricoid cartilage?
19
Q
The pharynx lies (anterior/posterior) the nasal/oral cavities, and (anterior/posterior) to the cervical vertebraes.
A
posterior, anterior
20
Q
Explain the outer and inner layers of the pharynx.
A
Outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer
21
Q
What do the tonsils do?
A
Participate in immune reactions against foreign invaders.
22
Q
What do the pharynx, mouth, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses do?
A
Act as resonating chambers that give voice individual quality.
23
Q
What are the 5 openings of the nasopharynx?
A
Two internal nares, two openings from auditory (eustachian) tubes, entrance to the oropharynx
24
Q
What does the posterior wall of the nasopharynx contain?
A
single pharyngeal tonsil (or adenoids) in the posterior roof
25
Cilia in nasal cavity do what?
move mucous down
26
how is the eustachian tube involved with inspired air through the nose?
some of the air is exchanged with it to equalize atmospheric pressure
27
where is the oropharynx (from where to where)?
Extends from the soft palate to the level of the hyoid bone.
28
How many openings does the oropharynx have and which are they?
Contains one opening from the oral cavitiy, the two fauces
29
Swallowing... what happens to the soft palate and uvula?
Soft palate and uvula move superiorly when swallowing to block the nasal cavity.
30
WHich tonsils are a part of the oropharynx?
Palatine and lingual tonsils
31
Laryngopharynx is also called....
hypopharynx
32
Where to where does the laryngopharynx go?
begins at the hyoid bone and extends to the cricoid cartilage
33
In swallowing, what happens to the pharynx and larynx?
they move up
34
What does the larynx connect?
laryngopharynx to trachea
35
the larynx lies anterior to which vertebrae?
C4-C6
36
What does mucous do in the larynx?
helps trap dust not removed in the upper resp tract
37
what does the cilia of the larynx do?
moves the trapped particles up to the pharynx
38
What happens when air is directed against the vocal folds?
They vibrate and set up sound waves in the column of air in the pharynx, nose and mouth.
39
How is pitch developed?
by controlling tension of the vocal cords
40
Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle does what?
OPENS the rima glottidus (which is the opening between the vocal folds)
41
Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle does what?
Closes the rima glottidus (which is the opening between the vocal folds)
42
What type of cartilage is the laryngeal prominence?
Thyroid cartilage
43
Which cartilage is shaped like a signet ring?
Cricoid cartilage
44
Trachea is immediately inferior to the....
cricoid cartilage
45
trachea is (ant/post) to the esophagus
anterior
46
trachea extends from where to where
from the larynx to the 5th thoracic vertebrae
47
Trachea is made up of ________ incomplete rings of hyaline cartilage
16-20
48
What fills the posterior space of the Cs on the trachea?
Fibromuscular membrane (smooth muscle trachialis)
49
What vertebrae does the trachea divide into right and left primary bronchi?
T5
50
Explain how the right bronchi looks.
More vertical, shorter and wider than the left.
51
What is the carina?
Internal ridge where trachea divides into primary bronchi
52
what is one of the most sensitive areas of the larynx and trachea for triggering a cough reflex?
Carina
53
Which bronchi has no cartilage?
tertiary
54
Where is the bronchopulmonary segment?
where tertiary bronchi divide into 10 sections within each lung
55
The lungs is separated by the _______ and other structures in the mediastinum.
heart
56
The lungs is enclosed and protected by a double serous layer called?
pleural membrane
57
Where do the lungs extend (from where to where)?
extends from the diaphragm to just above the clavicle
58
Which lung is smaller and by how much?
LEft lung is smaller by 10%
59
Which lung is shorter?
Right lung
60
What is the pleural cavity's function?
Keeps 2 layers close, reduces friction between membranes, allows them to slide easily over one another.
61
where does the pleural cavity extend?
extends below the base of the lung from the 6th costal cartilage to the 12th rib.
62
What does pleuritis cause?
Inflammation and pain due to friction between layers and if it persists, excess fluid accumulation in pleural space.
63
What are the lung's three layers? (coats)
Serous coat, subserous coat, parenchyma
64
Which coat of the lung is mostly elastic fibers?
subserous
65
The paryenchyma is made up of ________.
lobules
66
Each lobe receives its own _________ bronchus.
secondary
67
The right primary bronchus gives rise to ____ secondary bronchi
3
68
The left primary bronchus gives rise to _____ secondary bronchi
2
69
Both lungs have ____ tertiary bronchi
10
70
Each bronchopulmonary segment has a small compartment called lobules. What do they contain?
(which consists of a terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct, alveoli, vessels, lymph and nerves)
Lymphatic vessel, an arteriole, a venule, and a branch from a terminal bronchiole.
71
Terminal bronchioles subdivide into...
Respiratory bronchioles
72
Respiratory bronchioles subdivide into...
alveolar ducts
73
What are around the alveolar ducts?
numerous alveoli and alveolar sacs
74
What are alveolar sacs?
2 or more alveoli that share common opening
75
The walls of the alveoli consist of ____ types of alveolar epithelial cells.
2
76
What is Type I alveoli cells?
Main site of gas exchange
77
What do Type II alveoli cells secrete?
Secrete alveolar fluid, keeps surface between cells and air moist.
78
What is an alveolar macrophage?
Wandering phagocytes that remove fine dust particles and other debris in the alveolar spaces.
79
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs through which membrane?
Respiratory membrane
80
What type of epithelium is the respiratory membrane?
Simple Squamous epithelium.
81
Explain pulmonary circulation.
Circulation to the bronchi and lung (non-respiratory) tissue from the bronchial arteries.
Circulation to the respiratory tissue (non-aeriated blood) from the heart to the lungs via right atrium and pulmonary trunk to the pulmonary arteries.
From pulmonary arterioles to the lobules.
At alveolar level, pulmonary capillaries
O2/CO2 exchange
Oxygenated blood returns via the pulmonary venules and pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
82
Where do the bronchial arteries branch from?
Directly from the thoracic aorta or branches of the intercostal arteries.
83
What do bronchial arteries connect with?
smaller pulmonary arteries and arterioles to the lobules
84
Most of the blood returns via the ___________ veins, but some returns via the.......
pulmonary veins, superior vena cava
85
How does some blood return via the superior vena cava?
via branches of the bronchial veins via azygos system (azygos, accessory hemiazygos, hemiazygos vein)
86
Azygos vein is left or right?
Right
87
Accessory hemiazygos and hemiazygos is?
Left
hemiazygos (lower left)
88
What are the principal inspiratory muscles? Which is more important?
Diaphragm (most important) and external intercostals
89
Insertion of diaphragm is?
Central tendon
90
What is the diaphragm innervated by?
Phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
91
Three things that pierce the diaphragm?
Abdominal aorta, superior vena cava, esophagus
92
When you inspire, does the diaphragm flatten or raise?
diaphragm flattens
93
When you expire, does the diaphragm flatten or raise?
diaphragm raises
94
INSPIRATION: What can prevent complete descent of the diaphragm?
Pregnancy, obesity, tight clothing.
95
INSPIRATION: With the external intercostals, what happens?
contraction pulls ribs superiorly and pushes sternum anterior. (increases anteroposterior and lateral diameter of the cavity)
96
INSPIRATION: As overall size of thoracic cavity increases, the walls of the lungs are pulled ________.
outward
97
INSPIRATION: Parietal and visceral pleura are pulled __________.
outward
98
INSPIRATION: As volume __________, a pressure gradient is established.
increases
99
How does the pressure different go away?
Air rushes into the lungs and inspiration takes place until pressure difference no longer exists.
100
What are the accessory muscles that help in deep inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis minor
101
What does the sternocleidomastoid do during inspiration?
raises sternum
102
What do the scalenes do during inspiration?
raises ribs 1 and 2
103
What do the pectoralis minor do during inspiration?
raises ribs 3 to 5
104
When does exhalation start?
When inspiration muscles relax
105
What happens to the ribs and diaphragm during expiration?
Ribs move inferior, diaphragm moves up
106
What are the 5 muscles of FORCED expiration?
abdominal muscles, internal intercostals, innermost intercostals, subcostals, transversus thoracis.
107
FORCED EXPIRATION: What do the abdominal muscles do?
Move ribs inferior and compress abdominal viscera forcing diaphragm up
108
FORCED EXPIRATION: What do the internal intercostals do?
Extend inferiorly and posteriorly between the ribs, pulls ribs inferiorly
109
FORCED EXPIRATION: What do the innermost intercostals resemble?
Same fiber course as the internal intercostals and maybe a deep layer of the same.
110
FORCED EXPIRATION: Where are the subcostals located?
Deep to internal intercostals in a variable way. Cross one or two intercostal spaces
111
FORCED EXPIRATION: Where are the transversus thoracis located?
4 or 5 slips attached from xiphoid process and body of sternum posteriorly to costal cartilages.
112
Does normal relaxed expiration use any muscles?
No
113
Can respiration be controlled voluntarily?
Yes, but for short periods of time only
114
How is respiration usually controlled?
By the nervous system to meet the body's demands without our conscious concern.
115
Which part of the brain causes contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles?
Clusters of neurons located bilaterally in the medulla oblongata and pons cause contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles
116
Common cold is inflammation of what?
mucous membrane
117
What is hay fever?
allergic reaction to pollen or dust
118
Hay fever is inflammation of what?
mucous membrane
119
What is bronchial asthma?
Allergic reaction; excess mucous secretions plug up bronchioles, smooth muscle in lungs goes into spasm further narrowing bronchioles.
120
Is bronchitis acute or chronic?
chronic inflammation
121
What is bronchitis?
chronic inflammation from bacterial infection. Secretions are overproduced.
122
What is tuberculosis?
bacterial infection through inhilation into lung or through lymph/blood. Bascilli form clumps that are surrounded by fibrous tissue. Resultant inflammation destroys lung tissue. Fibrosis makes lungs lose their elasticity, reducing vital capacity.
123
How does emphasema develop?
Develops slowly due to previous pathologies or from smoking. From overdistended lungs and alveoli.
124
What happens with emphysema?
walls of lungs and alveoli break down and become fibrotic. Decreased ability to exchange gases (out of breath!)
125
is emphysema curable?
its irreversible!
126
Where does pneumonia come from?
virus
127
What happens with pneumonia?
Secretes fibrinous exudate (secretion) in the alveoli. Affected parts become solid with no gaseous exchange.
128
What is pleurisy?
infection of the pleura, sharp pain in breathing
