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ANATOMY II > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 groups of organs associated with the digestive system?

A

Gastrointestinal tract and accessory digestive organs

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2
Q

What is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

A continuous tube from the mouth to the anus; mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

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3
Q

How long is the gastrointestinal tract approximately?

A

9m

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4
Q

What is considered the accessory digestive organs?

A

teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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5
Q

6 basic functions of the digestive system

A 
Ingestion (Deglutation)
• Secretion
• Mixing and
propulsion
• Digestion
• Absorption
• Defecation
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6
Q

Lips (Labia) are attached to their corresponding gums by a fold of mucous membrane called the ______________.

A

labial frenulum

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7
Q

What is considered the floor of the mouth (oral cavity)?

A

tongue

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8
Q

Soft palate is the separation between…

A

nasopharynx and oropharynx

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9
Q

During swallowing, what happens to the soft palate and uvula?

A

During swallowing, the soft palate and uvula are drawn superiorly closing off the pharyngeal isthmus at the nasopharynx, preventing food and liquid from entering the nasal cavity

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10
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils situated?

A

Palatine tonsils : situated between the arches

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11
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils situated?

A

Lingual tonsils: situated at the base of the tongue

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12
Q

Fauces is the opening between?

A

Fauces: opening between the oral cavity and the pharynx

throat

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13
Q

The tongue attaches to what?

A

Attached to the hyoid bone, styloid process and mandible

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14
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the tongue? What do they do?

A

Extrinsic muscles include the hyoglossus, genioglossus palatoglossus, and styloglossus
– Move the tongue from side to side and in & out to maneuver food

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15
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? What do they do?

A

Action: alter its shape and size for speech and swallowing

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16
Q

Muscles of the tongue are?

A

genioglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus, hyoglossus

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17
Q

All tongue muscles are innervated by…

A

Hypoglossal Nerve (CXII)

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18
Q

Palatoglossus ACTION

A

Elevates posterior portion of tongue and draws

soft palate down on tongue

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19
Q

Styloglossus ACTION

A

Elevates tongue and draws it posteriorly

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20
Q

Hyoglossus ACTION

A

Depresses tongue and draws down its sides

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21
Q

Genioglossus ACTION

A

Depresses tongue and thrusts it anteriorly

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22
Q

What is ankyloglossia?

A

condition where a person’s lingual frenulum is abnormally short or rigid impairing eating and speech

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23
Q

Where are the vallate papillae located on the tongue?

A

At the sulcus terminalis on the posterior tongue in V-shape

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24
Q

Vallate papillae contains which 2 things?

A

serous glands and taste buds

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25
The sulcus terminalis separates the....
oral from oropharyngeal portions of the tongue
26
What is the filiform papillae for?
For touch and grip to manipulate food.
27
Where are the fungiform papillae mostly found?
at the apex and margins of the tongue.
28
Which papillae has taste buds: filiform or fungiform?
fungiform has, filiform doesnt.
29
Salivary glands do what?
Secrete just enough saliva to keep mucous membrane of mouth and pharynx moist and to cleanse the mouth and teeth
30
What is saliva mostly made up? The remaining?
Saliva is 99.5% water, the rest including enzymes to kill bacteria, and digestive enzymes to break down starches
31
Small salivary glands open directly or indirectly into the oral cavity?
BOTH directly and indirectly. | Labial, buccal, and palatal glands in the lips, cheeks and palate as well as lingual glands in tongue
32
The parotid duct pierces what muscle?
buccinator
33
Where does the wharton's (submandibular) duct enter the oral cavity?
lateral to the lingual frenulum
34
Is the sublingual glands superior or inferior to the submandibular glands?
superior to the submandibular glands
35
Which is the smallest gland?
sublingual
36
Lesser sublingual (Rivinis) opens into where?
opens into the floor of the mouth
37
Does salivary glands receive sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation?
BOTH
38
Sympathetic fibers initiate vasoconstriction which (increases/decreases) saliva production
decreases
39
Parasympathetic fibers of the glands produce vasodilation and (increases/decreases) the production of saliva
increases
40
How are receptors for taste buds stimulated?
by chemicals in food
41
Receptors for taste buds convey impulses to two salivary nuclei in the _______________
brain stem
42
Which pharynxes have both digestive and respiratory functions? What do these functions serve to do?
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx They help propel food into esophagus and then into the stomach
43
What is deglutition?
swallowing (moving food from mouth to stomach)
44
Esophagus lies posterior to the....
trachea and left atrium
45
The esophagus passes through the diaphragm at what point?
esophagus hiatus
46
Esophagus connects...
the oral cavity and pharynx with the stomach
47
Esophagus striated skeletal muscle cranial end is innervated by?
Vagus nerve (CX)
48
Smooth muscle at the caudal (stomach) end innervated by...
postganglionic parasympathetic fibers
49
What are the 4 layers of the esophagus?
Adventitia, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa
50
Info about adventitia
slipperly allowing mobility against tissues. Merges with connective tissue of surrounding structures
51
Info about muscularis, explain superior, middle and inferior.
Superior: skeletal muscle only middle: skeletal and smooth inferior: smooth
52
If the esophagus within the muscularis has skeletal muscle, then that means it has 2 layers. which are they?
Upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter
53
What is the upper esophageal sphincter?
Upper Esophageal Sphincter is skeletal muscle attached to the cricoid cartilage HAS LONGITUDINAL FIBERS to push bolus of food towards stomach
54
What is the lower esophageal sphincter?
(Gastroesophageal) is a smooth muscle ring HAS CIRCULAR AND OBLIQUE FIBERS FOR COMPRESSION
55
Submucosa of the esophagus has what kind of tissue?
connective
56
What does the submucosa contain?
Areolar connective tissue, blood vessels and mucous glands.
57
What does the mucosa contain?
mucous glands
58
What does the mucosa do?
Offers protection against abrasion and wear & tear from food particles that are chewed, mixed with secretions and swallowed. No digestive function
59
Which layer has no digestive function?
MUCOSA
60
Food is pushed through esophagus by...
peristalsis (which is progression of involuntary contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis)
61
Upper esophageal sphincter controls passage of food from _______________.
laryngopharynx
62
(Elevation/Depression) of larynx causes the sphincter to relax and the bolus enters the esophagus
elevation
63
When are the 2 times upper esophageal sphincter is relaxed?
During: 1) Exhalation 2) Elevation of larynx
64
Functions of the esophagus are controlled by?
the medulla oblongata
65
Explain how the circular and longitudinal muscles help with the bolus movement.
Circular muscle contraction constricts the esophageal wall and squeezes the bolus towards the stomach • Longitudinal muscle fibers inferior to the bolus also contract shortening the inferior section and pushing its wall outward so it can receive the bolus
66
What lubricates the bolus?
Mucous secretions
67
Lower esophageal sphincter causes narrowing of the esophagus just (superior/inferior) to the diaphragm.
superior
68
Lower esophageal sphincter relaxes when?
during swallowing allowing the bolus to pass into the stomach.
69
Circulation to upper esophagus
Bronchial Arteries (from the Aorta or Internal Thoracic Artery)
70
Circulation to lower esophagus
Branches of Left Gastric Artery
71
Circulation to both upper and lower esophagus
possibly from branches directly off the Aorta
72
Drainage of esophagus is from...
adjacent veins, left gastric vein into portal vein

ANATOMY II (18 decks)

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