Accessory Digestive Organs

Question 1

Pancreas is exocrine or endocrine?

Answer 1

Both

Question 2

What is the pancreas made up of?

Answer 2

Pancreas is made up of small clusters of glandular epithelial cells
99% are arranged in clusters, Acini (Acinar Cells)
• exocrine portion of the organ
• cells secrete a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice

Question 3

Fromt he acinar cells, which type of ducts lead to the pancreatic duct?

Answer 3

interlobar

Question 4

How much pancreatic juice per day?

Answer 4

1200-1500ml

Question 5

Pancreatic juice: make up

Answer 5

Clear, colorless liquid

Consists of water, salts, sodium bicarbonate and several digestive enzymes

Question 6

What does the sodium bicarbonate serve to do from the pancreas?

Answer 6

Sodium bicarbonate gives the juice a slightly alkaline pH of 7.1-8.2
Buffers the acidic gastric juice in the chyme
Creates proper pH level for action of digestive enzymes in the Small Intestine

Question 7

1% of cells in pancreas are?

Answer 7

Islets (endocrine)

Question 8

What do the pancreatic islets do?

Answer 8

secrete hormones: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin & pancreatic polypeptide

Question 9

Arterial supply for pancreas (3)

Answer 9

Superior and Inferior Pancreaticoduodenal Artery, Splenic Artery, and Superior Mesenteric Artery


Question 10

Venous return for pancreas (2)

Answer 10

Left Gastric Vein • Splenic Vein

Question 11

Innervation of pancreas (2)

Answer 11

Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Plexuses

Question 12

Liver almost completely covered by what? and completely covered by what?

Answer 12

Almost completely covered by visceral peritoneum and completely covered by a dense connective tissue deep to the peritoneum

Question 13

Functions of the liver

Answer 13

Secretes bile for digestion and absorption of fat.
Converts glucose to glycogen, stores it, and reconverts to glucose (to increase the blood sugar content)
• Detoxifiestheblood
• Synthesizes fibrinogen for clotting
• Produces certain proteins

Question 14

What does the parietal peritoneum of the liver do?

Answer 14

helps suspend liver from diaphragm

Question 15

Liver is completely covered by visceral peritoneum, except at the posterosuperior portion called the….

Answer 15

Bare area

Question 16

Liver is completely covered by visceral peritoneum, except at the ______________ portion called the Bare Area

Answer 16

posterosuperior

Question 17

Bare area bounded on the diaphragmatic surface

by other folds of peritoneun, the……..

Answer 17

Right and Left Coronary Ligaments

Question 18

What was the Ligamentum Teres formerly called?

Answer 18

Umbillical vein

Question 19

Where do the R and L triangular ligaments attach?

Answer 19

Right and Left Triangular Ligaments attach the liver to the diaphragm and abdominal wall

Question 20

Under peritoneum of liver, liver is covered by what?

Answer 20

Fibrous coat which sends fibrous partitions inside to form lobules

Question 21

What is the word for the functional cells of the liver that secrete bile?

Answer 21

hepatocytes

Question 22

Lobules have what type of functions?

Answer 22

Liver made up of these specialized cuboidal epithelial cells that have metabolic, endocrine and secretory functions

Question 23

What do the hepatic sinusoids do?

Answer 23

The sinusoid transports blood from the outer lobule to the central vein

Question 24

Grooves between hepatocytes are called?

Answer 24

Between the hepatocytes are grooves called Bile Canaliculi

Question 25

explain the route of bile starting at the hepatocyte.

Answer 25

Hepatocytes secrete Bile into the Bile Canaliculi Bile from Canaliculi to small Bile Ductules then into the Bile Ducts  • All bile ducts eventually merge into the Right and Left Hepatic Ducts • Unite to form the Common Hepatic Duct • Common Hepatic Duct joins the Cystic Duct (from the Gall Bladder) to form the Common Bile Duct 

Question 26

Between meals, what happens to the greater duodenal papilla? Why?

Answer 26

Between meals, the greater duodenal papilla closes off and bile flows into the Gall Bladder for storage

Question 27

What happens to the liver after a meal?

Answer 27

After a meal, parasympathetic (vagus nerve) impulses along the vagus nerve stimulate the liver to increase bile production 

Question 28

What are the 2 types of blood entering the liver?

Answer 28

1) Blood supply is from Aortic blood (02) via the Hepatic Artery 2) Venous return from the alimentary canal (digestive tract) from the Hepatic Portal Vein (CO2 and nutrients)

Question 29

How are nutrients and oxygen extracted?

Answer 29

All nutrients and oxygen are extracted by the hepatocytes back into the sinusoids exctract and convert toxins

Question 30

What do the phagocytes within the sinusoids do?

Answer 30

destroy worn-out leukocytes and RBC’s, bacteria, and other foreign matter from the G.I. tract venous blood

Question 31

Where do the sinusoids transport blood?

Answer 31

Sinusoids transport blood from the outer edge of the lobule to the Central Vein

Question 32

Products manufactured by the hepatocytes & nutrients needed by other cells are secreted back into the blood via..... (drained via...)

Answer 32

drained into Central Vein → Hepatic Veins (2 or 3) → Inferior Vena Cava

Question 33

What is the portal triad?

Answer 33

hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, and bile duct

Question 34

Liver's parasympathetic innervation

Answer 34

Vagus nerve (CX)

Question 35

Liver's sympathetic innervation

Answer 35

Celiac ganglia/Greater Splanchnic Nerves

Question 36

Hepatitis

Answer 36

Inflammation of the liver caused | by viruses, drugs, and alcohol. Several types

Question 37

Jaundice

Answer 37

Yellowing of the skin and sclera due to buildup of Bilirubin (pigment of bile from old RBCs) due to blocked Cystic or Bile ducts

Question 38

Cirrhosis

Answer 38

Chronic inflammation of the liver from hepatitis or alcoholism. Hepatocytes replaced by fibrous tissue, decreasing liver function

Question 39

Three coats of the gallbladder

Answer 39

outside serous, fibromuscular, inner mucous

Question 40

Gallbladder functions

Answer 40

Stores and concentrates bile from the liver until it is needed by the small intestine. Concentrates it by absorbing water and adding salt

Question 41

Blood supply of gallbladder

Answer 41

Blood supply: Cystic artery (from the Right Hepatic Artery) and the Cystic Veins (directly into the liver sinusoids or via the portal vein)

Question 42

Gallbladder innervation

Answer 42

Innervation: Branches from the celiac plexus and Vagus nerve

Question 43

Gallstones

Answer 43

Cholesterol or calcium lodges in the Gallbladder or Cystic Duct