Urinary System

Question 1

Anatomy of urinary system

Answer 1

Kidney
ureter
urinary bladder
urethra

Question 2

What does the kidney contain

Answer 2

Nephron
glomerulus
renal cortex
renal medulla

Question 3

What is the hilum the entrance/exit for

Answer 3

Renal artery/vein
ureters
nerves
lymphatics

Question 4

what is the renal cortex

Answer 4

outer component of kidney that contains renal columns that have blood vessels and fibrous tissue to anchor it

Question 5

What is the renal medulla

Answer 5

The renal pyramids which contain microscopic using collecting tubules

Question 6

What is the renal pelvis

Answer 6

the funnel shaped area connecting to ureter

Question 7

What does the renal corpuscle contain

Answer 7

the glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Question 8

Stages of renal blood flow

Answer 8

1. renal artery
2. afferent articles
3. glomerulus
4. efferent articles
5. peritubular capillaries
6. renal vein

Question 9

3 layers of urinary bladder

Answer 9

1. inner mucosa of transitional epithelium
2. middle smooth muscle coat
3. outer adventitia

Question 10

8 ways kidney maintains homeostasis

Answer 10

1. regulate blood electrolyte composition by excreting excessive ions into urine.
2. regulate blood pH by excreting/conserving H+ ions or bicarbonate ions
3. regulate blood volume by conserving or eliminating water.
4. Regulate blood pressure (volume and RAAS ANP)
5. Maintaining blood osmolarity by excreting excessive ions into urine
6. Excreting waste products such as ammonia and urea
7. Produces hormones - EPO calcitrol and enzyme renin which leads to production of angiotensin and aldosterone
8. regulating blood glucose

Question 11

What does RAAS stand for

Answer 11

Renin angiotensin aldosterone pathway

Question 12

Formation of urine

Answer 12

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular reabsorption
3. Tubular secretion

Question 13

Path of urine drainage

Answer 13

1. Collecting duct
2. major calyx
3. minor calyx
4. renal pelvis
5. ureter
6. Urinary bladder

Question 14

4 waste products in urine

Answer 14

1. Creatinine
2. urea
3. some electrolytes

Question 15

How does tubular reabsorption occur

Answer 15

Passive transport (proximal convoluted tubule)
Active transport

Question 16

Whats in urine

Answer 16

Water
ions
nitrogenous waste
sex hormones
dead cells
crystals - calcium urate

Question 17

3 way for movement of urine

Answer 17

Peristaltic contraction
hydrostatic pressure
gravity

Question 18

3 systems that affect urine production

Answer 18

cardiac
nervous
endocrine

Question 19

Function of aldosterone

Answer 19

released from adrenal gland works on nephron to increase tubular reabsorption of sodium and therefore water via osmosis

Question 20

Function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Answer 20

produced in hypothalamus stored and released in pituitary gland, increases permeability. increased tubular reabsorption of water.

Question 21

Function of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Answer 21

increases excretion excretion of sodium in urine

Question 22

Components required in micturition

Answer 22

Stimulus
Pathways
effectors

Question 23

subconcious/involuntary control

Answer 23

1. nerve impulses sent to micturition centre in sacral spinal cord
2. nerve impulse return from spinal cord
3. effect - detrusor muscle contracts, internal urethral sphincter relaxes

Question 24

conscious/voluntary control

Answer 24

1. nerve impulse sent to cerebral cortex of brain
2. desire to urinate
3. nerve impulse returns
4. effects
5. urination occurs
6. nerve impulse from pons keeps reflex until emptied.

Question 25

2 main muscles in external sphincter

Answer 25

larator ani

coccygeus

Question 26

4 types of incontinence

Answer 26

1. stress incontinence
2. urge incontinence
3. over flow incontinence
4. functional incontinence

Question 27

what is the Glomerular filtration rate

Answer 27

refers to rate of filtration by glomerulus

Question 28

How is GFR calculated

Answer 28

estimating creatinine clearance (24 hour urine sample)