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Nursing Science Year 1 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for?

A

perceptions, behaviours, memories and initiates all voluntary movements

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2
Q

What are the 2 parts

A

Central and Peripheral

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3
Q

What are some function of the nervous system

A

Sensory and motor impulses (PNS) and CNS is integration

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4
Q

Afferent =

A

to enter

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5
Q

Efferent =

A

to exit

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6
Q

effector =

A

something that will bring change

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7
Q

Nerves =

A

bundle of axons surrounds by connective tissue and blood vessels in the PNS

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8
Q

Tracts

A

bundle of axons surrounds by connective tissue and blood vessels in the CNS

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9
Q

Astrocytes functions CNS

A

support brace and anchor (BBB) and chemical environment for nerve imulses

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10
Q

Oligodendrocytes function CNS

A

form and maintain myelin sheath around axons for conduction and protection

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11
Q

Microglia function CNS

A

function as phagocytes

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12
Q

Ependymal cells function CNS

A

help produce CSF

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13
Q

Schwann cells function PNS

A

wrap around axon and form a lipid/protein layer.

electrically insulate axons to increase speed of nerve impulse conduction

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14
Q

Grey Matter consists of

A

Neuroglia cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, neuroglia.

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15
Q

White matter consists of

A

mainly myelinated axons

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16
Q

plasticity =

A

ability to change

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17
Q

Medulla oblongata contains

A

nuclei to control vital functions (cardiovascular and respiratory) and nuclei that control non vitals like coughing, sneezing, hiccuping and swallowing.
bulge where axons cross over

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18
Q

Pons contains

A

ascending and descending axons, axons that connect left and right hemispheres of cerebellum and cerebellum to cerebral cortex

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19
Q

the mid brain is

A

the reflex centre for visual activities and startle reflex.
produces dopamine.
substantia nigra to basal nuclei

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20
Q

role of brainstem in consciousness

A

produces melatonin and filters stimulants

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21
Q

Cerebellum function

A

smooth and coordinate contractions of skeletal muscle.
regulates posture and balance
coordination of skilled movement
communicates with motor areas of cerebral cortex

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22
Q

Thalamus function

A

major relay station for sensory impulses to cerebral cortex

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23
Q

Hypothalamus 7 functions

A

Regulate homeostasis
control autonomic nervous system
produces hormones and control pituitary gland
main link between nervous and endocrine systems
regulates body temperature
regulate eating and drinking
regulate circadian rhythm

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24
Q

Epithalamus

A

contain pineal gland which produces melatonin

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25
Q

Basal Nuclei

A

part of cerebellum that perform subconscious adjustment and refinements of outgoing movements

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26
Q

Limbic system

A

‘emotional brain’ controls emotional response and memory processing

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27
Q

corpus collossum

A

connects 2 hemispheres together

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28
Q

Primary motor area (Anterior)

A

concours control of precise/skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscle
long axons project to spinal cord

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29
Q

Premotor area (Anterior)

A

control sequence of motor activities to achieve complex skilled motor movements
initiate voluntary movement

30
Q

Brochas speech area (anterior)

A

directs muscles involved in speech production

31
Q

Anterior association area (anterior)

A

controls mood, personality, intelligence, complex learning abilities, initiative, judgement, reasoning intuition, planning for future and development of abstract idea.

32
Q

Primary somatosensory area

A

receive nerve impulses from sensory stimulation and proprioceptors.
areas can be modified

33
Q

somatosensory association area

A

allows identification of object from memory and past experiences

34
Q

Wernickes area (Left temporal/parietal)

A

interpret meaning speech by recognising spoken works

35
Q

Primary auditory area (Temporal)

A

receives nerve impulses from ear to determine sounds

36
Q

Auditory association

A

identifies sound as speech music noise and stores the memories of sounds.

37
Q

Primary visual area

A

receives visual info

38
Q

visual association area

A

interprets visual stimuli enabling to recognise faces

39
Q

Left hemisphere does

A

right handed control and spoken and written language, numerical and scientific skills

40
Q

Right hemisphere

A

left handed control, creative side, generation of mental images

41
Q

CSF function

A

mechanical protection, exchange of nutrients, helps maintain homeostasis (pH levels)

42
Q

5 steps in a reflex

A

1 activation of receptor
2 sensory neuron produces an impulse that travels along the axon through dorsal root into grey matter of spinal cord
3 information processed at integrating centre (synapse between sensory and motor neuron)
4 motor neuron carries impulses through anterior root of spinal cord
5 effectors create protective response

43
Q

Define a reflex

A

fast predictable involuntary response to changes in the internal and external environment.

44
Q

Somatic reflexes are

A

in the skeletal muscles

45
Q

autonomic reflexes occur how

A

occur without conscious thought or control (glands/muscles)

46
Q

Vegus nerve (x)

A

mixed nerve with wide distribution and function sensory input from the skin, external ear, some taste buds, proprioceptors, chemoreceptors and baroreceptors

47
Q

What is a nerve plexus

A

Network of converging and diverging nerve fibres formed by spinal nerve

48
Q

What is the cervical plexus

A

branches of nerves (C1-5) that supplies parts of head neck shoulders and chest

49
Q

What does the Brachial plexus serve

A

C5-T1 entire nerve supply to upper limbs

50
Q

What does the lumbar plexus serve

A

L1-4 services genitals and and anterior/medial thigh

51
Q

What does the sacral plexus serve

A

L4-S5 and S1-S4 and services buttock, perineum and parts of lower limb

52
Q

What does the sciatic Nerve serve

A

(L4-S3) posterior things and lower leg

53
Q

What are dermatomes

A

areas of your skin that send most of it sensory input to CNS from single pair of spinal nerves

54
Q

What are direct pathways

A

conscious skilled movements with little reflex activity

55
Q

What are indirect pathways

A

carry unconsciously movements that are often reflexive

56
Q

what is an osmoreceptor

A

senses osmotic pressure in body fluids

57
Q

what is a chemoreceptor

A

chemical receptor

58
Q

what is a mechanoreceptor

A

touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception,hearing, stretch,

59
Q

what is a nociceptor

A

Pain

60
Q

What is a proprioceptor

A

senses body position and movement of joints, equilibrium

61
Q

what is a photoreceptor

A

detects light that strikes the retina

62
Q

what is a thermoreceptor

A

temperature

63
Q

What is the somatic nervous system

A

conscious and subconscious control of muscles in the body.

64
Q

What is the resting state of a cell/polarisation

A

all channels = closed -ve inside and +ve outside

65
Q

What is depolarisation

A

when sodium channels rapidly open and sodium rushes into cell changing membrane potential from -ve to +ve

66
Q

what is repolarisation

A

potassium channels open slowly and potassium moves out of the cell turning it back to -ve. Sodium/potassium pumps then follow behind all of that putting sodium outside and potassium back inside,

67
Q

What is continuous conduction

A

progressive and gradual depolarisation and occurs with unmyelinated Axons (C nerve fibres)

68
Q

What is saltatory conduction

A

when an impulse leaps between nodes of ranvier increasing speed of conduction. occurs with myelinated axons.

69
Q

3 stages of a chemical synapse

A
  1. Nerve impulse arrives at synaptic end bulb opening calcium channels in presynaptic axon
  2. Calcium triggers neurotransmitter vesicles to move to membrane and release neurotransmitters into synaptic cleft
  3. Causes opening of channels on postsynaptic cleft allowing extra cellular ions to flow in and restart nerve impulse.
70
Q

what is a neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance used by neurons to communicate with other neurons, muscle fibres or glands.

71
Q

ways to remove neurotransmitter

A
  1. Diffusion
  2. Enzymatic degeneration
  3. uptake by cells ( active transport)

Nursing Science Year 1 (15 decks)

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