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Anatomy and Physiology II > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What body fluid composition does the urinary system maintain?

A

water/ions

base/acid

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2
Q

How does the urinary system eliminate waste?

A

Cellular metabolism, phagocytosis, foreign chemicals, drugs and food additives

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3
Q

What minor endocrine function does the urinary system have?

A

secretes erythropoietin/renin to reg. bp

activates vitamin D which helps calcium absorption in SI

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4
Q

Urea

A

nitrogenous waste from protein; bulk of urine

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5
Q

Waste of muscle activities

A

Creatinine

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6
Q

Waste of nucleic acid

A

Uric acid

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7
Q

Hemoglobin breaks down and forms what waste?

A

bilirubin and other urochromes

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8
Q

PH in urine is…

A

variable/not constant 4.6-8

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9
Q

what could it mean if PH of urine is too high

A

infection or renal failure

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10
Q

what could is mean is PH of urine is too low

A

diabetes, mellitus, emphysema, starvation

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11
Q

what other systems help to remove waste besides urinary?

A

integumentary, respiratory and digestive

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12
Q

waste of respiratory

A

h2o and co2

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13
Q

waste of integumentary

A

nitrogen compounds, water and electrolytes (main function of sweat is temp regulation)

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14
Q

waste of digestive

A

digestive waste, bile pigments, heavy metal salts

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15
Q

what is urinary MOST important for?

A

water and electrolyte (ion) balance

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16
Q

What glands sit on top of kidneys

A

adrenal aka suprarenal

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17
Q

kidney location

A

retroperitoneal

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18
Q

urinary epithelium

A

transitional epi. or urothelium

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19
Q

traits of urothelium

A

impermeable to urine which is sterile but could be toxic, prevents water from being drawn into hypertonic urine, interdigitating cell junctions that make distension (stretching/expanding possible)

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20
Q

how many layers in ureters and names

A

3- mucosa, muscularis, adventitia

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21
Q

what does the mucosa layer consist of

A

transitional epi, lamina propria (connective tissue)

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22
Q

what does muscularis layer consist of

A

smooth muscle: inner-longitudinal, outer- circular (another longitudinal layer on outside in lower 1/3 of ureter)

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23
Q

what does the adventitia consist of

A

BV, lymphatics, nerves

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24
Q

what muscle is in bladder

A

detrusor muscle

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25
Q

how many mL will bladder hold until feel like peeing

A

300 mL (can be consciously overridden- holds 3X more)

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26
Q

two muscles at bottom of bladder that control urine being released and type of muscle

A

internal sphincter- smooth muscle- INVOLUNTARY

external sphincter- striated muscle- VOLUNTARY

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27
Q

orifice

A

opening

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28
Q

bladder layers

A

same as ureters except bladder has 3 muscular layers, same as bottom 1/3 ureter

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29
Q

position of urethra in female

A

anterior to vag opening, posterior to clit

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30
Q

3 regions of male urethra

A

prostatic, membranous, penile (spongy)

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31
Q

what does urethra secrete

A

mucous into urethral canal

32
Q

micturition

A

voiding or urination

33
Q

incontinence

A

loss of bladder control

34
Q

general overview of how bladder expands (distension)

A

activation of stretch receptors trigger visceral reflex arch

35
Q

how do efferent impulses get to bladder

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves (parasympathetic)

36
Q

result of efferent impulses to bladder

A

detrusor contracts, internal sphincter relaxes (external can override)

37
Q

what in kidney collect urine

A

calyces and pelvis

38
Q

lobe in kidney

A

cortex capsule and pyramid

39
Q

where is most urine produced

A

in nephrons in the cortex

40
Q

What does each nephron consist of?

A

glomerulus, renal tubules (Bowman’s capsule, distal/proximal tubules, loop of Henle)

41
Q

renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule

42
Q

What do the thin walls of the glomerulus (capillaries) act as?

A

semi-permeable membrane

43
Q

What is the filtrate from the glomerulus free of?

A

protein and RBC bc too big

44
Q

Glomerulus mechanism

A

basically passive under some pressure

45
Q

What may happen if you have very low blood pressure

A

the glomerular filtration stops, kidneys shut down

46
Q

Where does reabsorption of filtrate take place

A

distal/proximal tubules

47
Q

the two layers of Bowman’s capsule

A

outer: continuous with proximal part of renal tubule (simple squamous)
inner: podocytes- branching processes closely assoc. with glomerular capillaries; filtration slits btwn processes

48
Q

spaces between pedicles

A

filtration slits

49
Q

what should you never have in urine?

A

protein, glucose, or blood; indicates diabetes or kidney problems

50
Q

part of glomerulus that means windows in german

A

fenestrae

51
Q

glomerular hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus

A

hydrostatic= pushing up against BV from inside; PROMOTES outward flow/ encourages filtration

52
Q

osmotic pressure of blood in glomerulus

A

opposes outward flow

53
Q

Glomerular capsule fluid pressure

A

opposed outward flow

54
Q

3 types of pressure involved in glomerular filtration and whether they oppose/promote outward flow

A

hydrostatic- promote
osmotic- oppose
glomerular capsid fluid- oppose

55
Q

What pressure in the glomerulus wins

A

the hydrostatic, that’s how we filter the blood outward

56
Q

pressure from the renal artery to the renal vein (decreases/increases)?

A

decreases

57
Q

distal convoluted tubule in comparison to afferent arterial

A

they are leveled

58
Q

where does filtrate in the efferent arterioles lead to in cortical nephron

A

to peritubule capillaries (adjacent to proximal and distal tubules), veins, interlobular, arcuate, interlobar, segmented, renal vein, vena cava, heart

59
Q

where does the filtrate that goes through renal tubules go

A

into renal pyramids to ureters

60
Q

vasa recta

A

in juxtamedullary nephrons, when filtrate leaves glomerulus via efferent arteriole it goes to peritubular capillaries then to these specialized veins that go around loop of henle (urine concentration) then to veins and back to heart

61
Q

main purpose of glomerulus in nephron

A

produce protein free filtrate (2/3 gets reabsorbed)

62
Q

main function of PCT and loop of henle

A

reabsorbs Na, K, and glucose by active transport, reabsorb Cl by diffusion, obligatory water reabsorption by osmosis, secretion of certain drugs by active transport (ex- penicillin)

63
Q

when PCT and loop of henle “reabsorb” things like Na, what does this mean/where?

A

reabsorption out to the peritubular capillaries

64
Q

when PCT and loop of henle “secrete” certain drugs what does this mean

A

secretion into tubules

65
Q

main purpose of DCT

A

reabsorb Na by active transport, secrete H and K

66
Q

main purpose of collecting tubules

A

reabsorb water by osmosis, ADH also controls reabsorption of water

67
Q

how does DCT know if Na levels are too low?

A

macula densa

68
Q

macula densa

A

sensitive to decreased concentration of Na (aka decreased bp)

69
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

cuff of smooth muscle around afferent arteriole containing renin granules

70
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa + juxtaglomerular cells

71
Q

two situations renin will be released into bloodstream by juxtamedullary apparatus

A

if there’s a fall in systemic pressure or decreased Na bc where Na goes, water follows

72
Q

what senses fall in systemic pressure in the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

pressure receptor (juxtaglomerular cells) in wall of afferent arteriole

73
Q

what sense decreased Na in juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

chemoreceptors (Macula Densa) in distal convoluted tubule

74
Q

renin pathway

A

renin –> angiotensinogen (plasma protein) –> angiotensin I (polypeptide) –> angiotensin II (potent vasoconstrictor)

75
Q

aldosterone

A

sodium retaining hormone released in adrenal cortex for vasoconstriction

76
Q

how does aldosterone increase BP

A

promotes reabsorption of Na (water follows) expanding blood volume (pressure), made by hypothalamus released by pituitary

Anatomy and Physiology II (13 decks)

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