Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology II > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogens

A

disease-causing agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

two lines of defense against pathogens

A

specific and nonspecific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Specific defenses

A

response against a very specific target; carried out by lymphocytes that recognize SPECIFIC invader (most common type of defense)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nonspecific defenses

A

NOT the immune system! guard against anything foreign/pathogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Only place in body that make antibodies

A

B cell lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

mechanical barriers

A

prevent entry of certain pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 ex od mechanical barriers

A

unbroken skin and mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chemical barriers- 6 examples

A

pH, interferons, fever, natural killer cells (lymphocytes), inflammation, phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is pH a chemical barrier

A

Highly acidic stomach kills many pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

interferons

A

(non specific defense) hormone-like peptides (amino acids) that serve as anti-viral substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what produces interferons

A

virus infected cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what do interferons interfere with

A

viral transcription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Do interferons usually kill the virus

A

NO usually lose but warns surrounding cells to produce anti-viral enzymes before virus gets to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

self limiting

A

it will eventually stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does DNA code for

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Immunocompromised

A

immune system is not working correctly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Fever

A

(non-specific defense) interferes with bacterial growth condition bc limits amount of iron in blood by increasing temp, thus fewer available nutrients for bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does a fever do to phagocytic cells

A

They attack with greater vigor when the temperature rises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Natural killer cells (lymphocytes)

A

(Non-specific defense) recognize and destroy abnormal (cancer&virus) cells when they appear; release perforins which cause cell membrane to disintegrate destroying the infected cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Perforins

A

put holes (perforate) in cells membrane to kill abnormal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inflammation

A

(non-specific) tissue response to pathogen; redness, swelling, heat, and pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What causes swelling in inflammation

A

histamine causes capillaries to release WBC through diapedesis and those wet WBC go to area to fight infection, but bring fluid with them since they were in capillaries and are wet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

fibroblasts and inflammation

A

increase fibrin, sac production, active phagocytosis, cell replacement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is inflammation a helpful defense against pathogens?

A

When you contain something in one area it can’t spread, and its all in one place so its easier to attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

hernia

A

broken out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Most active phagocytes

A

neutrophiles and monocytes (macrophages once leave the blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Phagocytosis

A

(non-specific) phagocytes leave blood and go to area of infection; also removes foreign particles from the lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What 3 cells does lymphatic tissue ALWAYS have

A

B cells, T cells, and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Immunity

A

(immune system-specific response) the response mounted by the body against a SPECIFIC recognized foreign antigen (non-self molecule)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Antigens (agglutinations)

A

inventory of “self” proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins/glycolipids made before birth that promote immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

How are antigens made

A

thymocytes–> thymus gland–> become T cell lymphocytes (recognize self)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Haptens

A

small molecules that combine with large molecules to become antigenic (capable of eliciting immune response)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Out of the lymphocytes that red marrow releases in fetal development, which become T/B cells

A

MAJORITY become T0cells (70-80%) remainder become B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Where do B cells mature

A

bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where do undifferentiated lymphocytes go

A

the thymus and become T cells

36
Q

Where are both T and B cells found?

A

In lymphatic organs (ex- lymph nodes)

37
Q

How/what do T cells attack

A

(specific defense) attack foreign, antigen-bearing cells (macrophages that ate virus for ex), by direct cell-to-cell contact, providing cell-mediated immunity (was activated)

38
Q

Cytokines (lymphokines)

A

(specific) secreted by T cells; enhance cellular response to antigens

39
Q

3 ways besides cytokines, that t cells attack antigen-bearing cells

A

secrete toxins to kill target cells, growth-inhibiting factors, make interferon to interfere with virus and tumor cells

40
Q

What does T cell activation require

A

The presence of an antigen-bearing cell (macrophage or B cell) that had already encountered the antigen

41
Q

3 types of T cells

A

memory, helper, and cytotoxic

42
Q

What is the target of AIDS? What does it attack?

A

T cells bearing the antigen CD4

43
Q

Helper T cells

A

Activation by encountering macrophage that encountered and is displaying antigen. IF the antigen fits the helper T cell’s receptor, it becomes activated!

44
Q

What do activated T cells release?

A

cytokines that activate B cells that have already encountered an antigen and cause them to proliferate

45
Q

Memory T Cells

A

provide no delay response to any future exposure to the SAME antigen; it remembers how the helper T cell fought it off the first time

46
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

monitor body’s own cells eliminating virus and tumor infected cells by releasing perforin and other means

47
Q

How do B cells attack pathogens

A

by differentiating into PLASMA cells that secrete antibodies; only a small number will become memory cells

48
Q

another name for antibodies

A

immunoglobulins

49
Q

How do body fluids help against pathogens?

A

They aid in attacking and destroying specific antigens or antigen bearing cells by ANTIBODY mediated immunity

50
Q

What do plasma cells do

A

make antibodies

51
Q

What happens when an active helper t cell comes in contact with a B cell that has encountered an antigen?

A

The activated helper t cell releases cytokines that activate the B cell and cause it to divide (polyclonal response)

52
Q

anamnestic response

A

(secondary response) body recognizes antigen second time and produces antibodies against it

53
Q

What happens to the B cell once its activated and starts dividing

A

MOST become become plasma cells some become memory B cells waiting for an attack from the same antigen in the future

54
Q

antibodies of the plasma are known as…

A

gamma globulin fractions of plasma

55
Q

What are the 4 parts each immunoglobulin composed of

A

2 light chains and 2 heavy chains of amino acids

56
Q

What is at the end of each chain on an immunoglobulin?

A

variable regions as the ends that serve as unique binding sites; this is what makes one antibody different from another

57
Q

are antibodies/immunoglobulins specific?

A

Highly specific

58
Q

five different antibody isotopes

A

IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

59
Q

IgA

A

mucosal areas: gut, respiratory tract, urogenital tract; prevents colonization by pathogens. also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk

60
Q

IgD

A

antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. Activates basophils and mast cells to produce ANTIMICROBIAL FACTORS

61
Q

IgE

A

binds to allergens and triggers histamine (inflammation) release from mast cells and basophils and is involved in allergy. protects against worms

62
Q

IgG

A

In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. **the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to fetus

63
Q

IgM

A

surface of B cells and in secreted form with high avidity. eliminates pathogens in the EARLY STAGES of B cell mediated immunity before there is sufficient IgG

64
Q

Humoral actions

A

Antibody reaction

65
Q

in what 2 ways do antibodies react to antigens

A

direct attack & activation of complement

66
Q

Direct attack by antibody

A

agglutination, precipitation (falls out of solution), and neutralization of antigens

67
Q

activation of complement by antibodies

A

produce opsonization (make phagocytosis easier), chemotaxis, inflammation, or lysis in target cells or antigens

68
Q

complement =

A

group of proteins

69
Q

Primary immune response

A

when T and B cells become activated for the first time after which some become memory cells

70
Q

Secondary immune response (Anamnestic response)

A

if attacked again by same antigen, more memory cells=more rapid response; this ability is LONG LASTING

71
Q

virulent

A

strong

72
Q

attenuated

A

weak

73
Q

allergic reactions (hypersensitivity)

A

excessive immune responses that may lead to tissue damage

74
Q

delayed reaction allergy

A

results from repeated exposure to substances that cause inflammatory reactions on the skin (ex: poison ivy)

75
Q

Immune complex allergic reactions

A

involve autoimmunity

76
Q

What do mast cells do during allergic reaction

A

release serotonin and histamine

77
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

when allergy mediators (histamine/serotonin) flood the body; severe form of an allergic reaction

78
Q

What does histamine do

A

increase permeability of capillaries

79
Q

cyclosporin

A

most famous immunosuppressant but has a lot of side effects

80
Q

Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

cancer of the connective tissue

81
Q

Graves disease

A

antibodies against thyroid gland antigens causes overactivity resulting in relentlessness, weight loss, irritability, increased heart rate/BP

82
Q

Juvenile diabetes (type I insulin dependent)

A

antibodies against pancreatic beta cells; causes thirst, hunger, weakness

83
Q

pernicious anemia

A

antibodies against binding site for vitamin B on cells lining the stomach; causes fatigue and weakness

84
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

antibodies against cells lining joints; causes joint pain and deformity

85
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

antibodies against DNA, neurons, blood cells; causes red rash on face, prolonged fever, weakness, kidney damage

Anatomy and Physiology II (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions