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Anatomy and Physiology II > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Pathogens

A

disease-causing agents

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2
Q

two lines of defense against pathogens

A

specific and nonspecific

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3
Q

Specific defenses

A

response against a very specific target; carried out by lymphocytes that recognize SPECIFIC invader (most common type of defense)

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4
Q

Nonspecific defenses

A

NOT the immune system! guard against anything foreign/pathogenic

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5
Q

Only place in body that make antibodies

A

B cell lymphocytes

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6
Q

mechanical barriers

A

prevent entry of certain pathogens

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7
Q

2 ex od mechanical barriers

A

unbroken skin and mucous membranes

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8
Q

Chemical barriers- 6 examples

A

pH, interferons, fever, natural killer cells (lymphocytes), inflammation, phagocytosis

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9
Q

How is pH a chemical barrier

A

Highly acidic stomach kills many pathogens

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10
Q

interferons

A

(non specific defense) hormone-like peptides (amino acids) that serve as anti-viral substances

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11
Q

what produces interferons

A

virus infected cells

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12
Q

what do interferons interfere with

A

viral transcription

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13
Q

Do interferons usually kill the virus

A

NO usually lose but warns surrounding cells to produce anti-viral enzymes before virus gets to them

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14
Q

self limiting

A

it will eventually stop

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15
Q

what does DNA code for

A

proteins

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16
Q

Immunocompromised

A

immune system is not working correctly

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17
Q

Fever

A

(non-specific defense) interferes with bacterial growth condition bc limits amount of iron in blood by increasing temp, thus fewer available nutrients for bacteria

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18
Q

What does a fever do to phagocytic cells

A

They attack with greater vigor when the temperature rises

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19
Q

Natural killer cells (lymphocytes)

A

(Non-specific defense) recognize and destroy abnormal (cancer&virus) cells when they appear; release perforins which cause cell membrane to disintegrate destroying the infected cell

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20
Q

Perforins

A

put holes (perforate) in cells membrane to kill abnormal cell

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21
Q

Inflammation

A

(non-specific) tissue response to pathogen; redness, swelling, heat, and pain

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22
Q

What causes swelling in inflammation

A

histamine causes capillaries to release WBC through diapedesis and those wet WBC go to area to fight infection, but bring fluid with them since they were in capillaries and are wet

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23
Q

fibroblasts and inflammation

A

increase fibrin, sac production, active phagocytosis, cell replacement

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24
Q

How is inflammation a helpful defense against pathogens?

A

When you contain something in one area it can’t spread, and its all in one place so its easier to attack

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25
hernia
broken out
26
Most active phagocytes
neutrophiles and monocytes (macrophages once leave the blood)
27
Phagocytosis
(non-specific) phagocytes leave blood and go to area of infection; also removes foreign particles from the lymph
28
What 3 cells does lymphatic tissue ALWAYS have
B cells, T cells, and macrophages
29
Immunity
(immune system-specific response) the response mounted by the body against a SPECIFIC recognized foreign antigen (non-self molecule)
30
Antigens (agglutinations)
inventory of "self" proteins, polysaccharides, glycoproteins/glycolipids made before birth that promote immune response
31
How are antigens made
thymocytes--> thymus gland--> become T cell lymphocytes (recognize self)
32
Haptens
small molecules that combine with large molecules to become antigenic (capable of eliciting immune response)
33
Out of the lymphocytes that red marrow releases in fetal development, which become T/B cells
MAJORITY become T0cells (70-80%) remainder become B cells
34
Where do B cells mature
bone marrow
35
where do undifferentiated lymphocytes go
the thymus and become T cells
36
Where are both T and B cells found?
In lymphatic organs (ex- lymph nodes)
37
How/what do T cells attack
(specific defense) attack foreign, antigen-bearing cells (macrophages that ate virus for ex), by direct cell-to-cell contact, providing cell-mediated immunity (was activated)
38
Cytokines (lymphokines)
(specific) secreted by T cells; enhance cellular response to antigens
39
3 ways besides cytokines, that t cells attack antigen-bearing cells
secrete toxins to kill target cells, growth-inhibiting factors, make interferon to interfere with virus and tumor cells
40
What does T cell activation require
The presence of an antigen-bearing cell (macrophage or B cell) that had already encountered the antigen
41
3 types of T cells
memory, helper, and cytotoxic
42
What is the target of AIDS? What does it attack?
T cells bearing the antigen CD4
43
Helper T cells
Activation by encountering macrophage that encountered and is displaying antigen. IF the antigen fits the helper T cell's receptor, it becomes activated!
44
What do activated T cells release?
cytokines that activate B cells that have already encountered an antigen and cause them to proliferate
45
Memory T Cells
provide no delay response to any future exposure to the SAME antigen; it remembers how the helper T cell fought it off the first time
46
Cytotoxic T cells
monitor body's own cells eliminating virus and tumor infected cells by releasing perforin and other means
47
How do B cells attack pathogens
by differentiating into PLASMA cells that secrete antibodies; only a small number will become memory cells
48
another name for antibodies
immunoglobulins
49
How do body fluids help against pathogens?
They aid in attacking and destroying specific antigens or antigen bearing cells by ANTIBODY mediated immunity
50
What do plasma cells do
make antibodies
51
What happens when an active helper t cell comes in contact with a B cell that has encountered an antigen?
The activated helper t cell releases cytokines that activate the B cell and cause it to divide (polyclonal response)
52
anamnestic response
(secondary response) body recognizes antigen second time and produces antibodies against it
53
What happens to the B cell once its activated and starts dividing
MOST become become plasma cells some become memory B cells waiting for an attack from the same antigen in the future
54
antibodies of the plasma are known as...
gamma globulin fractions of plasma
55
What are the 4 parts each immunoglobulin composed of
2 light chains and 2 heavy chains of amino acids
56
What is at the end of each chain on an immunoglobulin?
variable regions as the ends that serve as unique binding sites; this is what makes one antibody different from another
57
are antibodies/immunoglobulins specific?
Highly specific
58
five different antibody isotopes
IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM
59
IgA
mucosal areas: gut, respiratory tract, urogenital tract; prevents colonization by pathogens. also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk
60
IgD
antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. Activates basophils and mast cells to produce ANTIMICROBIAL FACTORS
61
IgE
binds to allergens and triggers histamine (inflammation) release from mast cells and basophils and is involved in allergy. protects against worms
62
IgG
In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. ****the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to fetus
63
IgM
surface of B cells and in secreted form with high avidity. eliminates pathogens in the EARLY STAGES of B cell mediated immunity before there is sufficient IgG
64
Humoral actions
Antibody reaction
65
in what 2 ways do antibodies react to antigens
direct attack & activation of complement
66
Direct attack by antibody
agglutination, precipitation (falls out of solution), and neutralization of antigens
67
activation of complement by antibodies
produce opsonization (make phagocytosis easier), chemotaxis, inflammation, or lysis in target cells or antigens
68
complement =
group of proteins
69
Primary immune response
when T and B cells become activated for the first time after which some become memory cells
70
Secondary immune response (Anamnestic response)
if attacked again by same antigen, more memory cells=more rapid response; this ability is LONG LASTING
71
virulent
strong
72
attenuated
weak
73
allergic reactions (hypersensitivity)
excessive immune responses that may lead to tissue damage
74
delayed reaction allergy
results from repeated exposure to substances that cause inflammatory reactions on the skin (ex: poison ivy)
75
Immune complex allergic reactions
involve autoimmunity
76
What do mast cells do during allergic reaction
release serotonin and histamine
77
anaphylactic shock
when allergy mediators (histamine/serotonin) flood the body; severe form of an allergic reaction
78
What does histamine do
increase permeability of capillaries
79
cyclosporin
most famous immunosuppressant but has a lot of side effects
80
Kaposi's sarcoma
cancer of the connective tissue
81
Graves disease
antibodies against thyroid gland antigens causes overactivity resulting in relentlessness, weight loss, irritability, increased heart rate/BP
82
Juvenile diabetes (type I insulin dependent)
antibodies against pancreatic beta cells; causes thirst, hunger, weakness
83
pernicious anemia
antibodies against binding site for vitamin B on cells lining the stomach; causes fatigue and weakness
84
rheumatoid arthritis
antibodies against cells lining joints; causes joint pain and deformity
85
systemic lupus erythematosus
antibodies against DNA, neurons, blood cells; causes red rash on face, prolonged fever, weakness, kidney damage

Anatomy and Physiology II (13 decks)

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