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Anatomy and Physiology II > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

why are the kidneys considered endocrine glands?

A

release erythropoetin for RBC maintenance

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2
Q

how is the pancreas endocrine?

A

alpha cells- glucagon
beta cells- insulin
delta cells- somatostatin

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3
Q

somatostatin aka

A

growth hormone

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4
Q

four hormones produce in anterior pituitary

A

luteinizing hormone, follicle-stim hormone, somatotropin (growth hormone), corticotropin

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5
Q

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)- vasopressin and Oxytocin (OT)

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6
Q

vasopressin

A

anti-diuretic; posterior pituitary

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7
Q

why does insulin have to be injected

A

its not a steroid its a protein, would be destroyed by stomach acid

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8
Q

4 “not steroid” hormones

A

amines, proteins, and peptides (amino acids), and glycoprotein (protein and carb)

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9
Q

what are steroids formed from

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

4 examples of steroids

A

estrogens, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol

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11
Q

sequence of steroid hormone action

A

endocrine secrete steroid hormone –> diffuse through target cell membrane to NUCLEUS –> receptor molecule –> bind to DNA make RNA –> RNA into cytoplasm, protein synthesis –> new protein direct hormone effects

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12
Q

sequence of non steroid hormone

A

endocrine secretes non steroid –> body fluid carries to target –> binds to receptor site on MEMBRANE activating G protein –> activates adenylate cyclase molecules in membrane –> converts ATP into cyclic AMP –> AMP activates protein kinases –> these activate protein substrates in cell that change metabolic process –> cell changes produce hormone effects

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13
Q

difference btwn receptor site in steroid vs non steroid

A

steroid receptor on nucleus

non steroid receptor on cell membrane

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14
Q

AMP

A

Adenine MONOphosphate (only one phosphate bc two have detached by ADENYLATE CYCLASE); activates protein kinases

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15
Q

Which phosphate in ATP has most energy

A

terminal (3rd) phosphate

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16
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

in non steroid hormone, coverts ATP to AMP

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17
Q

protein kinases

A

breakdown substrates that have already been broken down; a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation); activated by AMP in non steroid hormone

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18
Q

How is ATP similar to DNA

A

both nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base)

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19
Q

can nervous system stim. glands in endocrine

A

yes

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20
Q

hormone levels

A

fluctuate** make waves because of negative feedback

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21
Q

what kind of hormones from hypothalamus

A

releasing hormone

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22
Q

what kind of hormones from anterior pituitary

A

stimulating hormones

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23
Q

TRH

A

Hypothalamus (thyrotropin releasing hormone)–> Anterior pituitary: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) –> thyroid

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24
Q

PRF and PIH

A

Hypothalamus: prolactin releasing factor and prolactin release inhibiting hormone –> PRL (prolactin in pituitary) –> Mammary glands

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25
PRL and target
prolactin to mammary glands
26
TSH and target
Thyroid stim. hormone to thyroid
27
CRH
Hypothalamus: cortico-tropin releasing hormone--> ACTH in pituitary (adrenocorticotropin hormone) --> adrenal cortex
28
ACTH and target
adrenocorticotropin hormone to adrenal cortex
29
GNRH
Hypothalamus: Gonadotropin releasing hormone --> LH and FSH (leteinizing and follicle stim. hormones in pituitary) --> ovary (FSH) and testes (FSH)
30
LH and target
luteinizing hormone to ovaries
31
FSH and target
follicle stimulating hormone to testes
32
GHRH and SS
Hypothalamus: Growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin --> GH (growth hormone in pituitary) --> bone, muscle, adipose
33
GH and target
growth hormone to bone, muscle, adipose
34
what does thyroid make and why
thyroxin to regulate rate of metabolism
35
stalk of pituitary
infundibulum
36
how many lobes does pituitary gland have
2
37
does pituitary have many BV and why
YES, very bloody w/ capillaries and such bc hormones travel through blood
38
where in skull doest the pituitary sit
in the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone
39
system of BV that connect pituitary with hypothalamus
hypophyseal veins/arteries
40
hypophyseal veins/arteries
connect pituitary and hypothalamus
41
growth below or under brain
Hypophesis or Pituitary physis
42
what lobe (s) in pituitary have blood supply
BOTH
43
hypothalamic control
of peripheral endocrine glands may utilize as many as 3 types of hormones; multiple negative feedback controls
44
GH actions
stim size and rate of division of body cells, growth of long bones, enhance amino acids through membranes
45
PRL actions
secretes milk production after birth; increases effect of LH in males
46
TSH actions
controls secretion of hormones from thyroid
47
ACTH actions
controls secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex; STRESS HORMONES
48
FSH actions
development of egg containing follicles in ovaries; stim follicle cells to secrete estrogen; stim sperm production in males
49
LH (ICSH in males) actions
promotes secretion of sex hormones; release egg cells in female
50
ADH actions
Anti-diuretic hormone- causes kidneys to reduce water excretion, in high concentration, raises blood pressure
51
OT actions
Oxytocin- contracts muscles in uterine wall and those associated with milk secreting glands
52
location of thyroid gland
below larynx
53
where are follicular cells located
in the thyroid gland
54
calcitonin
reservoir for calcium; lowers amount of calcium in blood by inhibiting release of calcium from bones and increasing rate calcium is deposited in bone (TON- tone it down)
55
what controls calcitonin
elevated blood calcium ion concentration, digestive hormones
56
what helps calcitonin to inhibit release of calcium from bone increase rate calcium is deposited in bone
osteoblasts bc building bone
57
what controls if theres too little calcium in blood
parathyroid; raises calcium level
58
what helps chop down skeletal system to increase calcium in blood
osteoclasts
59
Grave's disease
autoantibodies against self bind to TSH receptors mimicking TSH actions, overstim thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism); exothalmic goiter
60
hashimoto disease
autoantibodies against self attack thyroid cells producing hypothyroidism
61
cretinism
stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, MR, low body temp, sluggishness (hypothyroidism)
62
how many are there and where are the parathyroid glands
4, embedded in thyroid gland
63
what hormone do parathyroid glands produce
PTH- parathyroid hormone
64
main function of parathyroid glands
calcium regulation
65
what does PTH do
promotes calcium absorption in small intestine; tells kidney to hold onto calcium and keeps it out of urine
66
what makes vitamin D and how
liver with presence of kidney and PTH; vitamin D absorbs calcium in intestines *study slide 23
67
3 actions of PTH
stim bone release of Ca (osteoclasts), stim kidneys to conserve Ca, stim intestines to absorb Ca
68
hyperparathyroidism cause and symptoms
tumor; fatigue, muscle weakness, depression, increase PTH--> more osteoclasts
69
hypoparathyroidism cause and symptoms
injury; muscle cramps and seizures, decrease PTH secretion inhibit osteoclasts and decrease calcium concentration
70
where are the adrenal glands
on top of kidneys
71
process kidney regulates low bp
low bp--> renin --> angiotensinogen --> angiotensin --> angiotensin II= VASOCONSTRICTOR --> aldosterone= Na retaining hormone
72
Aldosterone
STEROID; Na retaining hormone to higher bp in kidney; where Na goes, water follows
73
what releases aldosterone
adrenal gland
74
cortisol
STEROID from adrenal gland; make more sugar and lay off protein synthesis (stress hormones); decreases protein syn., increase fatty acid release, stim. glucose syn. from noncarbs;
75
adrenal androgens
supplement sex hormones from gonads; may be converted to estrogens
76
what molecular structures have "house" at end
steroids; every Cholesterol module
77
cortisol and aldosterone molecular structures
VERY SIMILAR
78
making proteins from non-carbs
neoglucogenesis (fats or protein--> glucose)
79
epinephrine/norepinephrine in heart
rate/force of contraction increase
80
what in pancreas secrete hormones
islet of langerhans--> alpha cells- glucagon beta cells- insulin delta cells- somatostatin
81
glucagon
from alpha cells in pancreas; stim liver to break down glycogen and convert non-carbs to glucose
82
somatostatin
delta cells in pancreas; regulate carbs
83
where is glycogen stored
liver
84
what does pancreas secrete if blood glucose level is too high
insulin
85
what does pancreas secrete is blood glucose level is too low
glucagon
86
sympathetic NS
automatic; don't control
87
what can cause release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
STRESS --> hypothalamus --> sympathetic impulses --> adrenal medulla --> fight or flight
88
what happens during short term fight or flight from eli/norepinepherine
pupils dilate, bp/heart rate increase, blood glucose increase, increase breathing rate
89
long term adjustment or resistance stage caused from?
stress --> hypothalamus CRH --> pituitary ACTH --> adrenal cortex cortisol
90
long term adjustment or resistance stage
from cortisol: increased blood concentration of amino acids, increase release fatty acids, increased glucose formed from non-carbs
91
why do you produce more glucose in fight or flight?
need more energy

Anatomy and Physiology II (13 decks)

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