heart part II

Question 1

occlusion

Answer 1

blockage

Question 2

ischemia

Answer 2

blood deficiency in a breach of coronary artery often due to constriction/blockage from clot

Question 3

angina pectoris

Answer 3

chest pain that accompanies ischemia

Question 4

myocardial infarction

Answer 4

heart attack; death to portion of heart due to ischemia

Question 5

cardioacceleratory center (CAC)

Answer 5

medulla oblongata; sympathetic- INCREASE heart rate

Question 6

sympathetic nerve fibers

Answer 6

leave CAC region in medulla oblongata; INCREASE rate/strength of heartbeat

Question 7

parasympathetic nerve fibers

Answer 7

leave CIC region to HEART via vagus nerve (cranial X); DECREASE heart beat

Question 8

cardioinhibitory center (CIC)

Answer 8

medulla oblongata to heart via vegas nerve (cranial X)- parasympathetic DECREASE heart rate

Question 9

What is responsible for increase heart rate

Answer 9

sympathetic nerve fibers in CAC (medulla oblongata)

Question 10

What is responsible for decrease heart rate

Answer 10

parasympathetic nerve fibers in CIC (medulla oblongata)

Question 11

vagus nerve

Answer 11

cranial X; parasympathetic nerve fibers leave CIC via this route to slow heart rate

Question 12

intrinsic regulation

Answer 12

nervous system WITHIN heart itself

Question 13

where is sino-atrial node (SA node)

Answer 13

posterior of right atrium beneath epicardium below superior vena cava

Question 14

SA node aka

Answer 14

pacemaker of heart

Question 15

why is SA node called pacemaker of heart

Answer 15

starts action potentials (intrinsic regulation)

Question 16

where do action potentials from SA node spread to

Answer 16

both atria (contract together)

Question 17

where is atrioventricular node (AV node)

Answer 17

floor of right atrium

Question 18

where does action potential spread to from AV node

Answer 18

AV bundle (bundle of His)

Question 19

action potential location after bundle of His

Answer 19

through inter ventricular septum to left/right bundle branches

Question 20

where do bundle branches carry action potential to

Answer 20

purkinje fibers

Question 21

purkinje fibers

Answer 21

carry action potential of heart into cells of myocardium and cause ventricles to contract

Question 22

which ventricle pumps harder right or left

Answer 22

left ventricle bc it has to pump systemic blood to whole body

Question 23

3 periods of cardiac cycle

Answer 23

mid-to-late diastole, ventricular systole, early diastole

Question 24

mid-to-late diastole

Answer 24

heart in complete relaxation; blood is filling atria (ventricles slightly bc AV valve is open)

Question 25

BP in mid-to-late diastole

Answer 25

low BP

Question 26

When is mid-to-late diastole completed

Answer 26

when SA node fires action potential, causes atria to contract (atrial systole) and push remaining blood into ventricles

Question 27

why do atria contract

Answer 27

to squirt out remaining 30% of blood into ventricles that didn't go there in mid-to-late diastole

Question 28

systole alone

Answer 28

contraction of ventricles

Question 29

Ventricular systole

Answer 29

ventricular contraction; pressure increases rapidly; AV valves close (LUB) semilunar valves open, blood rushes out of ventricles, begin to relax, semilunar valves close (DUB)

Question 30

What is occurring at the same time as ventricular systole

Answer 30

atrial diastole

Question 31

What makes the LUB DUB sounds in heart

Answer 31

in ventricular systole (ventricular contraction) LUB=AV valves snapping shut before contraction, DUB=semilunar valves snapping shut after contraction

Question 32

Early diastole

Answer 32

intraventricular pressure drops below pressure in atria and AV valves open. REPEAT of cardiac cycle

Question 33

pressure in ventricular systole

Answer 33

high pressure; rapid increase

Question 34

What does the strength of contraction in heart depend on

Answer 34

volume of blood

Question 35

Starling's Law

Answer 35

heart pumps blood that comes in w/o excessive damming of blood in veins; more heart wall is stretched=greater contraction (heterometric auto regulation)

Question 36

heterometric autoregulation

Answer 36

more heart wall is stretched=greater contraction to prevent damage to veins and capillaries (starlings law)

Question 37

What reflex controls heterometric autoregulation

Answer 37

bainbridge reflex

Question 38

bainbridge reflex

Answer 38

controls heterometric autoregulation

Question 39

stroke volume

Answer 39

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle to aorta per heart beat; amount of blood going to whole body in a single heart beat

Question 40

cardiac output

Answer 40

stroke volume times beats/min | amount of blood pumped from left ventricle to aorta per minute

Question 41

auscultation

Answer 41

act of listening to heart sounds

Question 42

murmurs

Answer 42

turbulence=damaged valves (blood flow is supposed to be smooth)

Question 43

stenosis

Answer 43

incomplete opening of valves

Question 44

insufficiency of valves

Answer 44

incomplete closure

Question 45

two types of heart murmurs

Answer 45

stenosis or insufficiency of valves

Question 46

how can you detect heart murmur

Answer 46

stethoscope

Question 47

affects of K+ and Na+ on heart

Answer 47

inversely proportional (increase=heart rate decrease) and vice versa

Question 48

Ca+2 affect on heart

Answer 48

directly proportional; increase=increase heart rate

Question 49

affect of temperature on heart

Answer 49

directly proportional; increase=heart rate increase

Question 50

male vs female heart rate

Answer 50

male rate=lower than female

Question 51

fear and anger (aka?) on heart rate

Answer 51

epinephrine (adrenaline); increase heart rate

Question 52

greif on heart rate

Answer 52

stimulates CIC; decrease heart rate

Question 53

aortic aneurysm

Answer 53

burst/hemorrhage; weakness in BV/bulge